| A | tablets in the collections of Istanbul Arkeoloji Mtizereli |
| ABL | R. F. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Letters (London and Chicago 1892-1914) |
| ABRT | J. A. Craig, Assyrian and Babylonian Religious Texts (Leipzig 1895) |
| Ab. Zar | Abodah Zarah |
| ADD | C. H. W. Johns, Assyrian Deeds and Documents (Cambridge 1898- 1923) |
| AfO | Archiv für Orientforschung |
| AHw. | W. von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch |
| AJSL | American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |
| AKA | L. W. King, The Annals of the Kings of Assyria I (London 1902) |
| AL | F. Delitzsch, Assyrische Lesestücke (3rd ed. Leipzig 1885) |
| Alu | omen series Šumma ālu |
| Am. | Amos |
| Angimq | J. S. Cooper, The Return of Ninurta to Nippur (AnOr 52, Rome 1978) |
| ANET | J. B. Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (3rd edition, Princeton 1969) |
| AnOr | Analecta Orientalia |
| Anst | Anatolian Studies |
| AO | tablets in the collections of the Musée du Louvre |
| AOAT | Alter Orient und Altes Testament |
| AoF | Altorientalische Forschungen |
| Ap | Apocalypse of John |
| APN | K. Tallqvist, Assyrian Personal Names (Helsinki 1914) |
| ARI | A. K. Grayson, Assyrian Royal Inscriptions (Wiesbaden 1972-76) |
| ARINH | F. M. Fales (ed.), Assyrian Royal Inscriptions: New Horizons in Literary, Ideological and Historical Analysis (Orientis Antiqui Collectio XVIII, Rome 1981) |
| ARM | Archives royales de Mari |
| ARMT | Archives royales de Mari (transliterations and translations) |
| ASJ | Acta Sumerologica (Japan, Hiroshima) |
| AuOr | Aula Orientalis |
| BA | Beitrage zur Assyriologie |
| BaM | Baghdader Mitteilungen |
| BBR | H. Zimmern, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der babylonischen Religion I, II (Assyriologische Bibliothek 1 2, Leipzig 1896, 1901) |
| BBst. | L. W. King, Babylonian Boundary Stones (London 1912) |
| BE | Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Series A: Cuneiform Texts |
| BHLT | A. K. Grayson, Babylonian Historical-Literary Texts (Toronto 1975) |
| BiAr | Biblical Archaeologist |
| BiOr | Bibliotheca Orientalis |
| BM | tablets in the collections of the British Museum |
| Borger Esarh. | R. Borger, Die Inschriften Asarhaddons, Königs von Assyrien (AfO Beiheft 9, Graz 1956) |
| Brockelmann Lex. Syr. | C. Brockelmann, Lexicon Syriacum (Göttingen 1928; reprint Olms Lex. Syr. 1995) |
| BT | field numbers of tablets excavated at Balawat |
| Burkert Mystery Cults | W. Burkert, Ancient Mystery Cults (Harvard 1987) |
| BWL | W. G. Lambert, Babylonian Wisdom Literature (Oxford 1960) |
| CA | G. van Oriel, The Cult of Aššur (Assen 1969) |
| CAD | The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chigago |
| CAH | The Cambridge Ancient History |
| CBS | tablets in the collections of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania |
| Chron. | Chronicles |
| Col. | Colossians |
| Collins Scepter and Star | Collins Scepter J. J. Collins, The Scepter and the Star. The Messiahs of the Dead Sea and Star Scrolls and Other Ancient Literature (New York 1995) |
| Cor. | Corinthians |
| CRRAI | Rencontre assyriologique internationale, comptes rendus |
| CT | Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum |
| CTA | A. Herdner, Corpus des tablettes en cunéiformes alphabétiques découvertes à Ras Shamra- Ugarit de 1929 à 1939 (Paris 1963) |
| CTN | Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud |
| DA | C. Boissier, Documents assyriens relatifs aux présages (Paris 1894-99) |
| Dalley Myths | S. Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia (Oxford 1989) |
| Dalman Aram. Wb | G. H. Dalman, Aramäisch-neuhebräisches Handwörterbuch zu Targum, Talmud und Midrasch (Gottingen 1938) |
| Dan. | Daniel |
| Desc. | Descent of Ištar (CT 15 45ff) |
| Deut. | Deuteronomy |
| Diri | lexical series diri DIR siāku = (w)atru |
| DT | tablets in the collections of the British Museum |
| Dumuzi's Dream | B. Alster, Dumuzi 's Dream (Mesopotamia 1, Copenhagen 1972) |
| EA | J. A. Knudtzon, Die El-Amarna-Tafeln (VAB 2, Leipzig 1915) |
| En. | Enoch |
| En. el. | Enūma eliš |
| Enc. Jud. | Encyclopaedia Judaica (Jerusalem) |
| Erra | L. Cagni, L 'epopea di Erra (Studi Semitici 34, Rome 1969) |
| Ex. | Exodus |
| Exeg. Soul | The Exegesis on the Soul (NHC II 1 27, 1 8ff) |
| Ezek. | Ezekiel |
| Farber Ištar | W. Farber, Beschwörungsrituale an Ištar und Dumuzi (Wiesbaden 1977) |
| Frankena Takultu | R. Frankena, Tākultu. De sacrale maaltijd in het assyrische ritueel (Leiden 1956) |
| Festschrift Reiner | F. Rochberg-Halton (ed.), Language, Literature, and History: Philological and Historical Studies Presented to Erica Reiner (American Oriental Series 67, New Haven 1987) |
| Festschrift Tadmor | M. Cogan and I. Eph'al, Ah, Assyria ... Studies in Assyrian History and Ancient Near Eastern Historiography Presented to Hayim Tadmor (Jerusalem) |
| FUB | Forschungen und Berichte |
| Fuchs Sar. | A. Fuchs, Die Inscriften Sargons II. aus Khorsabad (Göttingen 1994) |
| Gal. | Galatians |
| Galter Astronomie | H. Galter (ed.), Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens (Graz 1993) |
| Gates of Light | A. Weinstein (trans.), Rabbi Joseph Gikatilla, Gates of Light (Sha ' are orah) (San Francisco 1994) |
| Gen. | Genesis |
| Gilg. | S. Parpola, The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh (SAACT 1, Helsinki 1997) |
| Gottfarstein Bahir | J. Gottfarstein (transl.), Le Bahir (Verdier: Lagrasse 1 983) |
| GPA | J. N. Postgate, The Governor 's Palace Archive (CTN 2, London 1973) |
| Gray Mythology | J. Gray, Near Eastern Mythology (New York 1988) |
| Gruenwald Apocalyptic | I. Gruenwald, Apocalyptic and Merkavah Mysticism (Leiden 1980) |
| Hab. | Habakkuk |
| Hag. | Haggai |
| HAL | L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (rev. ed., Leiden and New York 1994-96) |
| HBA | E. Weidner, Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie I (Assyriologische Bibliothek 23, Leipzig 1 9 14) |
| HdO | Handbuch der Orientalistik |
| Hg | lexical series HAR.gud = imrû = ballu (MSL 5-1 1) |
| Hh | lexical series HAR.ra = hubullu (MSL 5-1 1) |
| Horowitz Cosmic Geography | W. Horowitz, Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography (Mesopotamian Civilizations 8, Winona Lake 1997) |
| Hos. | Hosea |
| HR | History of Religions |
| Hruska Anzu | B. Hruška, Der Mythenadler Anzu in Literatur und Vorstellung des alten Mesopotamien (Assyriologia 2, Budapest 1975) |
| Hunger Kolophone | H. Hunger, Babylonische und assyrische Kolophone (AOAT 2, Neukirchen-Vluyn 1968) |
| Idel Kabbalah | M. Idel, Kabbalah: New Perspectives (New Haven and London 1988) |
| IEJ | Israel Exploration Journal |
| IM | tablets in the collection of the Iraq Museum |
| Inanna's Descent | W. R. Sladek, Inanna 's Descent to the Netherworld (PhD diss. Baltimore, University Microfilms 1974) |
| Isa. | Isaiah |
| Jacobsen Harps | T. Jacobsen, The Harps that once ... Sumerian Poetry in Translation (New Haven and London 1 987) |
| JANES | Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University |
| JAOS | Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University |
| JARG | Jahrbuch fiir Anthropologie und Religion sgeschichte |
| Jastrow Diet. | M. Jastrow, A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature (New York 1943) |
| JBL | Journal of Biblical Literature |
| JCS | Journal of Cuneiform Studies |
| Jer. | Jeremiah |
| JNES | Journal of Near Eastern Studies |
| Johnston Hekate | Sarah I. Johnston, Hekate Soteira. A Study of Hekate 's Roles in the Chaldean Oracles and Related Literature (American Classical Studies 21, Atlanta 1990) |
| Jon. | Jonah |
| Josh. | Joshua |
| JSOT | Journal for the Study of the Old Testament |
| JTS | Journal of Theological Studies |
| Jub. | Jubilees |
| K | tablets in the collections of the British Museum |
| KAJ | E. Ebeling, Keilschrifttexte aus Assur juridischen Inhalts (Leipzig 1927) |
| Kapelrud Anat | A. S. Kapelrud, The Violent Goddess: Anat in the Ras Shamra Texts (Oslo 1969) |
| KAR | E. Ebeling, Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiosen Inhalts (Leipzig 1919) |
| KAV | O. Schroeder, Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts (Leipzig 1920) |
| KB | Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek |
| Kelly Doctrines | J. N. D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines (5th ed., London 1 977) |
| Kgs. | Kings |
| KSt 5 | M. Witzel, Perlen sumerischer Poesie in Transcription und Übersetzung (Keilinschriftliche Studien 5, Fulda 1925) |
| KTU | M. Dietrich, 0. Loretz and J. Sanmartín, Die keilalphabetischen Texte aus Ugarit, Teil I: Transkription (AOAT 24, Neukirchen-Vluyn 1976) |
| Lambert Love Lyrics | Lambert Love W. G. Lambert, "The Problem of the Love Lyrics," H. Goedicke and J. Roberts (eds.), Unity and Diversity (Baltimore 1975) 98- 135 |
| Lambert-Millard Atra-hasis | W. G. Lambert and A.R. Millard, Atra-hasis, the Babylonian Story of the Flood (Oxford 1 969) |
| LAS | S. Parpola, Letters from Assyrian Scholars to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal I, II (AOAT 5/1 -2, Neukirchen-Vluyn 1 970, 1983) |
| LBAT | T. G. Pinches, A. J. Sachs and J. N. Strassmeier, Late Babylonian Astronomical Texts (Providence 1955) |
| Lk. | Luke |
| LSS | Leipziger Semitische Studien |
| LTBA | L. Matouš and W. von Soden, Die lexikalischen Tafelserien der Babylonier und Assyrer in den Berliner Museen 1-11 (Berlin 1933) |
| Lu | lexical series lú = ša (MSL 1 2) |
| Luckenbill Senn. | D. D. Luckenbill, The Annals of Sennacherib (Oriental Institute Publications 2, Chicago 1924) |
| Mace. | Maccabees |
| Mal. | Malachi |
| MDP | Mémoires de la Delegation en Perse |
| Menzel Tempel | B. Menzel, Assyrische Tempel (Studia Pohl, Series Maior 10, Rome 1981) |
| Meyer Mysteries | M. W. Meyer (ed.), The Ancient Mysteries. Sacred Texts of the Mystery Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean World (San Francisco 1987) |
| Mic. | Micah |
| Mk. | Mark |
| MSL | Materialien zum sumerischen Lexikon / Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon |
| Mt. | Matthew |
| Mul Apin | H. Hunger and D. Pingree, MUL.APIN. An Astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform (AfO Beiheift 24, Horn 1989) |
| MVAG | Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatisch-A.gyptischen Gesellschaft |
| NABU | Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires |
| NBN | K. Tallqvist, Neubabylonisches Namenbuch (Helsinki 1905) |
| ND | field numbers of tablets excavated at Ninuud |
| Neh. | Nehemiah |
| NHC | Nag Hammadi Codex or Codices |
| NL | H. W. F. Saggs, "The Nimrud Letters," Iraq 17 (1955) 2lff. , etc. |
| Num. | Numeri |
| Ob. | Obadiah |
| OBO | Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis |
| ODB | The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium |
| OECT | Oxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts |
| OLZ | Orientalistische Literaturzeitung |
| Oppenheim Dreams | A. L. Oppenheim, The Interpretation of Dreams in the Ancient Near East (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 46/3, Philadelphia 1956) |
| Oppenheim Glass | A. L. Oppenheim, Glass and Glassmaking in Ancient Mesopotamia (Corning, New York 1970) |
| Or. | Orientalia (Nova Series) |
| OTL | Old Testament Library |
| Payne Smith | J. Payne Smith, A Compendious Syriac Dictionary (Oxford 1903) |
| Perry Sin | G. Perry, Hymnen und Gebete an Sin (LSS 2/4, Leipzig 1907) |
| PKTA | E. Ebeling, Parfümrezepte und kultische Texte aus Assur (Rome 1952) |
| Prov. | Proverbs |
| Ps. | Psalms |
| PSBA | Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology |
| \R | H. C. Rawlinson (ed.), The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia (London 1861 -84) |
| RA | Revue d' assyriologie |
| RB | Revue biblique |
| Rev. | Revelation of John |
| RHR | Revue de l 'histoire des religions |
| RIMA | Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods |
| RIMB | Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, B abylonian Periods |
| RIA | Reallexikon der Assyriologie |
| RMA | R. C. Thompson, The Reports of the Magicians and Astrologers of Nineveh and Babylon (London 1900) |
| Robinson NHL | J. M. Robinson (ed.), The Nag Hammadi Library in English (rev. ed., Leiden 1988) |
| Rom. | Romans |
| Rudolph Gnosis | K. Rudolph, Gnosis. The Nature and History of Gnosticism (San Francisco 1987) |
| SAA | State Archives of Assyria |
| SAAB | State Archives of Assyria Bulletin |
| SAACT | State Archives of Assyria Cuneiform Texts |
| Sam. | Samuel |
| SANE | Sources from the Ancient Near East |
| Sanh. | Sanhedrin |
| SBH | G. A. Reisner, Sumerisch-babylonische Hymnen nach Thontafeln griechischer Zeit (Berlin 1896) |
| Scholem Origins | G. Scholem, Origins of the Kabbalah (Princeton 1987) |
| SEL | Studi epigrafici e linguistici |
| SKIZ | W. H. Ph. Romer, Sumerische 'Königshymnen ' der Isin-Zeit (Leiden 1965) |
| Sg 8 | F. Thureau-Dangin, Une relation de la huitième campagne de Sargon (TCL 3, Paris 1912) |
| Sm | tablets in the collections of the British Museum |
| SMS | Syro-Mesopotamian Studies |
| S. of S. | Song of Songs |
| SpT | Spatbabylonische Texte aus Uruk |
| STC | L. W. King, The Seven Tablets of Creation (London 1902) |
| StOr | Studia Orientalia |
| Streck Asb | M. Streck, Assurbanipal I-III (VAB 7, Leipzig 1916) |
| STT | The Sultantepe Tablets |
| SVT | Supplements to Vetus Testamentum |
| Tallqvist Götterepitheta | K. Tallqvist, Akkadische Götterepitheta (StOr 7, Helsinki 1938) |
| TB | Talmud Bavli |
| TCAE | J. N. Postgate, Taxation and Conscription in the Assyrian Empire (Studia Pohl, Series Maior 3, Rome 1974) |
| TCL | Textes cuneiformes du Louvre |
| TCS | Texts from Cuneiform Sources |
| TDP | R. Labat, Traité akkadien de diagnostics et pronostics médicaux (Leiden 1951) |
| TH | J. Fiedrich et al. Die Inschriften von Tell Halaf (AfO Beiheft 6, Berlin 1940) |
| Thompson Esarh. | R. C. Thompson, The Prisms of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipalfound at Nineveh1927-8 (London 1931) |
| ThWAT | Theologisches Wòrterbuch zum Alten Testament |
| TI | S . Langdon, Tammuz and Ishtar (Oxford 1914) |
| TIM | Texts in the Iraq Museum |
| TR | field numbers of tablets excavated at Tell Rimah |
| TUAT | Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments |
| UBL | Ugaritisch-Biblische Literatur |
| UF | U garit-Forschungen |
| UM | tablets in the collections of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania |
| UVB | Vorlaufiger Bericht tiber die ... Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka • |
| VAB | Vorderasiatische Bibliothek |
| VS | Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmaler der Koniglichen Museen zu Berlin |
| VT | Vetus Testamentum |
| W | field numbers of tablets excavated at W arka |
| WA | Western Asiatic Antiquities, British Museum, London |
| Warner Virgin Mary | M. Warner, Alone of All Her Sex. The Myth and the Cult of the Virgin Mary (London 1976, 1990) |
| Weidner Tn. | E. Weidner, Die Inschriften Tukulti-Ninurtas I. und seiner Nachfolger (AfO Beiheft 1 2, Graz 1959) |
| Weinfeld Deuteronomy | M. Weinfeld, Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School (Oxford 1972) |
| WO | Die Welt des Orients |
| WVDOG Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft | |
| YOR | Yale Oriental Series, Researches |
| YOS | Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts |
| ZA | Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie |
| ZAW | Zeitschrift ftir die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft |
| Zech. | Zechariah |
| Zeph. | Zephaniah |
| Zohar | R. Margalioth (ed.), Zahar (Jerusalem 1978) |
| ANE | Ancient near east |
| Arab. | Arabic |
| Aram. | Aramaic, Aramean |
| Asb. | Assurbinipal |
| Asn. | Assurnasirpal |
| Ass. | Assyrian, Assur |
| Bab. | Babylonian, Babylon |
| Bibl. | biblical |
| coll. | Collated, callation |
| DN | divine name |
| e. | edge |
| Eg. | Egyptian |
| Esarh. | Esarhaddon |
| f. | female, feminine |
| GN(N) | geographical names |
| Hebr. | hebrew |
| imp. | imperative |
| Iran. | Iranian |
| LB | Late Babylonian |
| lw. | loanword |
| m. | masculine |
| MA | Middle Assyrian |
| mng. | meaning |
| NA | Neo- Assyrian |
| NB | Neo-Babylonian |
| Nin. | Nineveh |
| obv. | obverse |
| OB | Old Babylonian |
| OT | Old Testament |
| PN(N) | personal name(s) |
| PNf | female personale name |
| pres. | present |
| pret. | pretetrit |
| pf. | perfect |
| pl. | plural |
| r., rev. | reverse |
| rabb. | Rabbinical Hebrew or Aramaic |
| RN | Royal name |
| rs. | Right side |
| s. | (left) side |
| Sar. | Sargon |
| SB | Standard Babylonian |
| Senn. | Sennarcherib |
| sg. | singular |
| stat. | stative |
| subj. | subjunctive |
| Sum. | Sumerian |
| Syr. | Syrian, Syriac |
| Unpub | unpublished |
| Var. | variant |
| WSem. | West Semitic |
| ! | collation |
| !! | emendation |
| ? | uncertain reading |
| .. .: | cuneiform division marks |
| * | graphic variants (see LAS I p. XX) |
| 0 | uninscribed space or nonexistent sign |
| X | broken or undeciphered sign |
| () | supplied word or sign |
| (()) | sign erroneously added by scribe |
| [[]] | erasure |
| [...] | minor break (with two missing words) |
| [......] | major break |
| ... | untranslatable word |
| ...... | untranslatable passage |
| | see also |
| + | joint to |
| // | paralleled by or including parallels |
Simo Parpola
Simo Parpola, 'Abbreviations and Symbols', Assyrian Prophecies, SAA 9. Original publication: Helsinki, Helsinki University Press, 1997; online contents: SAAo/SAA09 Project, a sub-project of MOCCI, 2021 [http://oracc.org/saao/saa09/Abbreviations/]