Sennacherib 017
Obverse | ||
Column i | ||
i 1i 1 | (i 1) Sennacherib, great king, strong king, king of the world, king of Assyria, king of the four quarters (of the world), capable shepherd, favorite of the great gods, (i 5) guardian of truth who loves justice, renders assistance, goes to the aid of the weak, (and) strives after good deeds, perfect man, virile warrior, foremost of all rulers, the bridle that controls (i 10) the insubmissive, (and) the one who strikes enemies with lightning: | |
i 22 | ||
i 33 | ||
i 44 | ||
i 55 | ||
i 66 | ||
i 77 | ||
i 88 | ||
i 99 | ||
i 1010 | ||
i 1111 | (i 11) The god Aššur, the great mountain, granted to me unrivalled sovereignty and made my weapons greater than (those of) all who sit on (royal) daises. He made all of the black-headed (people) from the Upper Sea (i 15) of the Setting Sun to the Lower Sea of the Rising Sun bow down at my feet. Thus did recalcitrant rulers come to fear battle with me. While they were abandoning their settlements, (i 20) they flew away alone like bats (living) in crevices to inaccessible place(s). | |
i 1212 | ||
i 1313 | ||
i 1414 | ||
i 1515 | ||
i 1616 | ||
i 1717 | ||
i 1818 | ||
i 1919 | ||
i 2020 | ||
i 2121 | ||
i 2222 | (i 22) On my first campaign, I brought about the defeat of Marduk-apla-iddina (II) (Merodach-baladan), king of Karduniaš (Babylonia), together with the troops of (the land) Elam, his allies, (i 25) in the plain of Kish. In the midst of that battle he abandoned his camp, fled alone, and (thereby) saved his life. I seized the chariots, horses, wagons, (and) mules (i 30) that he had abandoned in the thick of battle. | |
i 2323 | ||
i 2424 | ||
i 2525 | ||
i 2626 | ||
i 2727 | ||
i 2828 | ||
i 2929 | ||
i 3030 | ||
i 3131 | ||
i 3232 | (i 32) I joyfully entered his palace, which is in Babylon, then I opened his treasury and brought out gold, silver, gold (and) silver utensils, precious stones, (i 35) all kinds of possessions (and) property without number, a substantial tribute, (together with) his palace women, courtiers, attendants, male singers, female singers, all of the craftsmen, as many as there were, (and) his palace attendants, (i 40) and I counted (them) as booty. | |
i 3333 | ||
i 3434 | ||
i 3535 | ||
i 3636 | ||
i 3737 | ||
i 3838 | ||
i 3939 | ||
i 4040 | ||
i 4141 | (i 41) With the strength of the god Aššur, my lord, I surrounded, conquered, (and) plundered 75 of his fortified cities, fortresses of Chaldea, and 420 small(er) settlements in their environs. (i 45) I brought out the auxiliary forces of the Arameans (and) Chaldeans who were in Uruk, Nippur, Kish, Ḫursagkalamma, Cutha, (and) Sippar, together with the guilty citizens, and I counted (them) as booty. | |
i 4242 | ||
i 4343 | ù 4 ME 20 URU.MEŠ-ni TUR.MEŠ ša li-me-ti-šú-nu | |
i 4444 | ||
i 4545 | ||
i 4646 | ||
i 4747 | ||
i 4848 | ||
i 4949 | ||
i 5050 | (i 50) On my return march, I defeated all together the Tuʾmūna, Riḫiḫu, Yadaqqu, Ubudu, Gibrê, Malaḫu, Gurumu, Ubulu, (i 55) Damunu, Gambulu, Ḫindaru, Ruʾuʾa, Puqudu, Ḫamrānu, Ḫagarānu, Nabatu, (and) Liʾtaʾu, (i 60) insubmissive Arameans. I carried off into Assyria a substantial booty (consisting of) 208,000 people, young (and) old, male and female, horses, mules, donkeys, camels, oxen, and sheep and goats, which were without number. | |
i 5151 | ||
i 5252 | ||
i 5353 | ||
i 5454 | ||
i 5555 | ||
i 5656 | ||
i 5757 | ||
i 5858 | ||
i 5959 | ||
i 6060 | ||
i 6161 | ||
i 6262 | ||
i 6363 | ||
i 6464 | ||
i 6565 | (i 65) In the course of my campaign, I received a substantial audience gift from Nabû-bēl-šumāti, the official in charge of the city Ḫararatu (Ḫarutu): gold, silver, large musukkannu-trees, donkeys, camels, oxen, and sheep and goats. | |
i 6666 | ||
i 6767 | ||
i 6868 | ||
i 6969 | ||
i 7070 | (i 70) I put to the sword the population of the city Ḫirimmu, a dangerous enemy, and I did not spare a single one. I hung their corpses on poles and placed (them) around the city. I reorganized that district (i 75) (and) imposed for eternity one ox, ten sheep, ten homers of wine, (and) twenty homers of dates as his first-fruits offerings to the gods of Assyria, my lords. | |
i 7171 | ||
i 7272 | ||
i 7373 | ||
i 7474 | ||
i 7575 | ||
i 7676 | ||
i 7777 | ||
i 7878 | (i 78) On my second campaign, the god Aššur, my lord, encouraged me and I marched to the land of the Kassites and the land of the Yasubigallians, (i 80) who since time immemorial had not submitted to the kings, my ancestors. In the high mountains, difficult terrain, I rode on horseback and had my personal chariot carried on (men’s) necks. (i 85) In very rugged terrain I roamed about on foot like a wild bull. | |
i 7979 | ||
i 8080 | ||
i 8181 | ||
i 8282 | ||
i 8383 | ||
i 8484 | ||
i 8585 | ||
i 8686 | (i 86) I surrounded (and) conquered the cities Bīt-Kilamzaḫ, Ḫardišpu, (and) Bīt-Kubatti, their fortified walled cities. I brought out of them people, horses, mules, donkeys, oxen, and sheep and goats, (ii 1) and I counted (them) as booty. Moreover, I destroyed, devastated, (and) turned into ruins their small(er) settlements, which w[er]e without number. I burned with fire pavilions (and) tents, [the]ir abodes, and re[duc]ed (them) to ashes. | |
i 8787 | ||
i 8888 | ||
i 8989 | ||
i 9090 | ||
Column ii | ||
ii 1ii 1 | ||
ii 22 | ||
ii 33 | ||
ii 44 | ||
ii 55 | ||
ii 66 | (ii 6) I made that city Bīt-Kilamzaḫ a fortress again (and) I strengthened its walls more than before, then (ii 10) I settled therein the people of the lands that I had conquered. I brought down from the mountains the people of the land of the Kassites and the land of the Yasubigallians who had fled from my weapons and (ii 15) I made (them) dwell in the cities Ḫardišpu (and) Bīt-Kubatti. I placed them under the authority of a eunuch of mine, the governor of the city Arrapḫa. I had a stele made, had all the victorious conquests that I achieved over them (ii 20) written on it, and I erected (it) in (that) city. | |
ii 77 | ||
ii 88 | ||
ii 99 | ||
ii 1010 | ||
ii 1111 | ||
ii 1212 | ||
ii 1313 | ||
ii 1414 | ||
ii 1515 | ||
ii 1616 | ||
ii 1717 | ||
ii 1818 | ||
ii 1919 | ||
ii 2020 | ||
ii 2121 | (ii 21) I turned around (lit. “I turned the front of my yoke”) and took the road to the land Ellipi. Before my arrival, Ispabāra, their king, (ii 25) abandoned his fortified cities (and) his treasury and fled far away. I overwhelmed all of his wide land like a fog. I surrounded, conquered, destroyed, devastated, (and) burned with fire the cities Marubištu (and) Akkuddu, cities of his royal house, together with thirty-four small(er) settlements in their environs. | |
ii 2222 | ||
ii 2323 | ||
ii 2424 | ||
ii 2525 | ||
ii 2626 | ||
ii 2727 | ||
ii 2828 | ||
ii 2929 | ||
ii 3030 | ||
ii 3131 | (ii 31) I carried off people, young (and) old, male and female, horses, mules, donkeys, camels, oxen, and sheep and goats without number, then I brought him (Ispabāra) to nought and (ii 35) made his land smaller. I detached from his land the cities Ṣi(ṣ)ṣirtu (and) Kummaḫlum, fortified cities, together with the small(er) settlements in their environs (and) the district of the land Bīt-Barrû in its entirety, and I added (this area) to the territory of Assyria. | |
ii 3232 | ||
ii 3333 | ||
ii 3434 | ||
ii 3535 | ||
ii 3636 | ||
ii 3737 | ||
ii 3838 | ||
ii 3939 | ||
ii 4040 | ||
ii 4141 | ||
ii 4242 | (ii 42) I took the city Elenzaš as a royal city and a fortress for that district, then I changed its former name and (ii 45) called it Kār-Sennacherib. I settled therein the people of the lands that I had conquered. I placed (it) under the authority of a eunuch of mine, the governor of the city Ḫarḫar, and (thus) enlarged my land. | |
ii 4343 | ||
ii 4444 | ||
ii 4545 | ||
ii 4646 | ||
ii 4747 | ||
ii 4848 | ||
ii 4949 | ||
ii 5050 | ||
ii 5151 | (ii 51) On my return march, I received a substantial payment from the distant Medes, of whose land none of the kings, my ancestors, had heard mention. (Thus) I made them bow down to the yoke of my lordship. | |
ii 5252 | ||
ii 5353 | ||
ii 5454 | ||
ii 5555 | ||
ii 5656 | ||
ii 5757 | ||
ii 5858 | (ii 58) On my third campaign, I marched to the land Ḫatti. (ii 60) Fear of my lordly brilliance overwhelmed Lulî, the king of the city Sidon, and he fled afar into the midst of the sea and disappeared. The awesome terror of the weapon of the god Aššur, my lord, overwhelmed the cities Great Sidon, Lesser Sidon, Bīt-Zitti, Ṣarepta, Maḫalliba, Ušû, (ii 65) Akzibu, (and) Acco, his fortified cities (and) fortresses, an area of pasture(s) and water-place(s), resources upon which he relied, and they bowed down at my feet. | |
ii 5959 | ||
ii 6060 | ||
ii 6161 | ||
ii 6262 | ||
ii 6363 | ||
ii 6464 | ||
ii 6565 | ||
ii 6666 | ||
ii 6767 | ||
ii 6868 | ||
ii 6969 | ||
ii 7070 | (ii 70) I placed Tu-Baʾlu on the royal throne over them and imposed upon him tribute (and) payment (in recognition) of my overlordship (to be delivered) yearly (and) without interruption. | |
ii 7171 | ||
ii 7272 | ||
ii 7373 | ||
ii 7474 | ||
ii 7575 | (ii 75) As for Min(u)ḫimmu of the city Samsimuruna, Tu-Baʾlu of the city Sidon, Abdi-Liʾti of the city Arwad, Ūru-Milki of the city Byblos, Mitinti of the city Ashdod, (ii 80) Būdi-il of the city Bīt-Ammon, Kammūsu-nadbi of the land Moab, Aya-rāmu of the land Edom, all of the kings of the land Amurru, they brought extensive gifts, four times (the normal amount), as their substantial audience gift before me and kissed my feet. | |
ii 7676 | ||
ii 7777 | ||
ii 7878 | ||
ii 7979 | ||
ii 8080 | ||
ii 8181 | ||
ii 8282 | ||
ii 8383 | ||
ii 8484 | ||
ii 8585 | ||
ii 8686 | ||
ii 8787 | (ii 87) Moreover, (as for) Ṣidqâ, the king of the city Ashkelon who had not bowed down to my yoke, I forcibly removed the gods of his father’s house, himself, his wife, his sons, (ii 90) his daughters, his brothers, (and other) offspring of his father’s house and took him to Assyria. | |
ii 8888 | ||
ii 8989 | ||
ii 9090 | ||
ii 9191 | ||
ii 9292 | (ii 92) I set Šarru-lū-dāri, son of Rūkibtu, their former king, over the people of the city Ashkelon and imposed upon him the payment of tribute (and) gifts (in recognition) of my overlordship so that he (now) pulls my yoke. | |
ii 9393 | ||
ii 9494 | ||
ii 9595 | ||
ii 9696 | (ii 96) In the course of my campaign, I surrounded, conquered, (and) plundered the cities Bīt-Daganna, (iii 1) Joppa, Banayabarqa, (and) Azuru, the cities of Ṣidqâ that had not submitted to me quickly. | |
Column iii | ||
iii 1iii 1 | ||
iii 22 | ||
iii 33 | ||
iii 44 | ||
iii 55 | (iii 5) (As for) the governors, the nobles, and the people of the city Ekron who had thrown Padî, their king who was bound by treaty and oaths to Assyria, into iron fetters and who had handed him over to Hezekiah of the land Judah in a hostile manner, (iii 10) they became frightened on account of the villainous acts they had committed. They formed a confederation with the kings of Egypt (and) the archers, chariots, (and) horses of the king of the land Meluḫḫa, forces without number, and they came to their aid. | |
iii 66 | ||
iii 77 | ||
iii 88 | ||
iii 99 | ||
iii 1010 | ||
iii 1111 | ||
iii 1212 | ||
iii 1313 | ||
iii 1414 | (iii 14) In the plain of the city Eltekeh, they sharpened their weapons while drawing up in battleline before me. With the support of the god Aššur, my lord, I fought with them and defeated them. In the thick of battle, I captured alive the Egyptian charioteers and princes (lit. “the sons of the king”), together with the charioteers of the king of the land Meluḫḫa. | |
iii 1515 | ||
iii 1616 | ||
iii 1717 | ||
iii 1818 | ||
iii 1919 | ||
iii 2020 | ||
iii 2121 | (iii 21b) I surrounded, conquered, (and) plundered the cities Eltekeh (and) Tamnâ. I approached the city Ekron and I killed the governors (and) nobles who had committed crime(s) (iii 25) and hung their corpses on towers around the city; I counted the citizens who had committed the criminal acts as booty; (and) I commanded that the rest of them, (those) who were not guilty of crimes or wrongdoing, (iii 30) (to) whom no penalty was due, be allowed to go free. | |
iii 2222 | ||
iii 2323 | ||
iii 2424 | ||
iii 2525 | ||
iii 2626 | ||
iii 2727 | ||
iii 2828 | ||
iii 2929 | ||
iii 3030 | ||
iii 3131 | ||
iii 3232 | ||
iii 3333 | (iii 33) I brought out Padî, their king, from the city Jerusalem and placed (him) on the lordly throne over them, then I imposed upon him payment (in recognition) of my overlordship. | |
iii 3434 | ||
iii 3535 | ||
iii 3636 | ||
iii 3737 | ||
iii 3838 | (iii 38) Moreover, (as for) Hezekiah of the land Judah, who had not submitted to my yoke, (iii 40) I surrounded (and) conquered forty-six of his fortified walled cities and small(er) settlements in their environs, which were without number, by having ramps trodden down and battering rams brought up, (iii 45) the assault of foot soldiers, sapping, breaching, and siege engines. I brought out of them 200,150 people, young (and) old, male and female, horses, mules, donkeys, camels, oxen, and sheep and goats, which were without number, and I counted (them) as booty. | |
iii 3939 | ||
iii 4040 | ||
iii 4141 | ||
iii 4242 | ||
iii 4343 | ||
iii 4444 | ||
iii 4545 | ||
iii 4646 | ||
iii 4747 | ||
iii 4848 | ||
iii 4949 | ||
iii 5050 | ||
iii 5151 | ||
iii 5252 | (iii 52) As for him (Hezekiah), I confined him inside the city Jerusalem, his royal city, like a bird in a cage. I set up blockades against him and (iii 55) made him dread exiting his city gate. I detached from his land the cities of his that I had plundered and I gave (them) to Mitinti, the king of the city Ashdod, (iii 60) Padî, the king of the city Ekron, and Ṣilli-Bēl, the king of the city Gaza, and (thereby) made his land smaller. To the former tribute, their annual giving, I added the payment (of) gifts (in recognition) of my overlordship and imposed (it) upon them. | |
iii 5353 | ||
iii 5454 | ||
iii 5555 | ||
iii 5656 | ||
iii 5757 | ||
iii 5858 | ||
iii 5959 | ||
iii 6060 | ||
iii 6161 | ||
iii 6262 | ||
iii 6363 | ||
iii 6464 | ||
iii 6565 | ||
iii 6666 | (iii 66) As for him, Hezekiah, fear of my lordly brilliance overwhelmed him and, after my (departure), he had the auxiliary forces and his elite troops whom he had brought inside to strengthen the city Jerusalem, (iii 70) his royal city, thereby gaining reinforcements, along with 30 talents of gold, 800 talents of silver, choice antimony, large blocks of ..., ivory beds, armchairs of ivory, elephant hide(s), elephant ivory, ebony, boxwood, (iii 75) every kind of valuable treasure, as well as his daughters, his palace women, male singers, (and) female singers brought into Nineveh, my capital city, and he sent a mounted messenger of his to me to deliver (this) payment and to do obeisance. | |
iii 6767 | ||
iii 6868 | ||
iii 6969 | ||
iii 7070 | ||
iii 7171 | ||
iii 7272 | ni-siq-ti gu-uḫ-li ták-kàs-si NA₄.AN.ZA.GUL.ME GAL.MEŠ | |
iii 7373 | ||
iii 7474 | ||
iii 7575 | ||
iii 7676 | ||
iii 7777 | ||
iii 7878 | ||
iii 7979 | ||
iii 8080 | ||
iii 8181 | ||
iii 8282 | (iii 82) On my fourth campaign, the god Aššur, my lord, encouraged me so that I mustered my numerous troops and ordered the march to the land Bīt-Yakīn. (iii 85) In the course of my campaign, I defeated Šūzubu (Mušēzib-Marduk), a Chaldean who lives in the marshes, at the city Bittūtu. As for him, terror of doing battle with me fell upon him and (iii 90) his heart pounded. He fled alone like a lynx and his (hiding) place could not be found. | |
iii 8383 | ||
iii 8484 | ||
iii 8585 | ||
iii 8686 | ||
iii 8787 | ||
iii 8888 | ||
iii 8989 | ||
iii 9090 | ||
iii 9191 | ||
iii 9292 | (iii 92) I turned around (lit. “I turned the front of my yoke”) and took the road to the land Bīt-Yakīn. He — Marduk-apla-iddina (II) (Merodach-baladan), whom (iv 1) I had defeated (and) whose forces I had scattered during my first campaign — became frightened by the clangor of my mighty weapons and my fierce battle array. He flew away like a bird to the city Nagīte-raqqi, (iv 5) which is in the midst of the sea. I brought his brothers, the seed of his father’s house, whom he had abandoned at the shore of the sea, together with the rest of the people of his land, out of the land Bīt-Yakīn, which is in the swamps (and) marshes, and I counted (them) as booty. | |
iii 9393 | ||
iii 9494 | ||
iii 9595 | ||
Column iv | ||
iv 1iv 1 | ||
iv 22 | ||
iv 33 | ||
iv 44 | ||
iv 55 | ||
iv 66 | ||
iv 77 | ||
iv 88 | ||
iv 99 | ||
iv 1010 | (iv 10) Once again I destroyed (and) devastated his cities, (and) turned (them) into ruins. I poured out awe-inspiring brilliance upon his ally, the king of the land Elam. | |
iv 1111 | ||
iv 1212 | ||
iv 1313 | (iv 13) On my return march, I placed Aššur-nādin-šumi, my first-born son (whom I) raised on my (own) knee, on his lordly throne and entrusted him with the wide land of Sumer and Akkad. | |
iv 1414 | ||
iv 1515 | ||
iv 1616 | ||
iv 1717 | ||
iv 1818 | (iv 18) On my fifth campaign: The population of the cities Tumurrum, Šarum, Ezāma, Kipšu, (iv 20) Ḫalbuda, Qūa, (and) Qana, whose dwellings are situated like the nests of eagles, the foremost of birds, on the peak of Mount Nipur, a rugged mountain, and who had not bowed down to the yoke — I had my camp pitched at the foot of Mount Nipur. | |
iv 1919 | ||
iv 2020 | ||
iv 2121 | ||
iv 2222 | ||
iv 2323 | ||
iv 2424 | ||
iv 2525 | (iv 25) Like a fierce wild bull, with my select bodyguard and my merciless combat troops, I took the lead of them (the soldiers in my camp). I proceeded through the gorges of the streams, the outflows of the mountains, (and) rugged slopes in (my) chair. (iv 30) Where it was too difficult for (my) chair, I leapt forward on my (own) two feet like a mountain goat. I ascended the highest peaks against them. Where my knees became tired, I sat down upon the mountain rock and drank cold water from a water skin to (quench) my thirst. | |
iv 2626 | ||
iv 2727 | ||
iv 2828 | ||
iv 2929 | ||
iv 3030 | ||
iv 3131 | ||
iv 3232 | ||
iv 3333 | ||
iv 3434 | ||
iv 3535 | ||
iv 3636 | (iv 36) I pursued them on the peaks of the mountains and defeated them. I conquered, plundered, destroyed, devastated, (and) burned with fire their cities. | |
iv 3737 | ||
iv 3838 | ||
iv 3939 | (iv 39) I turned around (lit. “I turned the front of my yoke”) and took the road against Maniye, the king of the city Ukku (and) an insubmissive mountain-dweller. Before my time, none of the former kings of the past had marched through the untrodden paths (and) difficult trails on account of the rugged mountains. (iv 45) I had my camp pitched at the foot of Mount Anara and Mount Uppa, mighty mountains, and I myself, in an armchair, with my crack combat troops, entered their narrow passes with great difficulty and ascended with a struggle the steep mountain peaks. | |
iv 4040 | ||
iv 4141 | ||
iv 4242 | ||
iv 4343 | ||
iv 4444 | ||
iv 4545 | ||
iv 4646 | ||
iv 4747 | ||
iv 4848 | ||
iv 4949 | ||
iv 5050 | ||
iv 5151 | ||
iv 5252 | (iv 52) He, Maniye, saw the dust cloud (stirred up) by the feet of my troops, then he abandoned the city Ukku, his royal city, and fled afar. (iv 55) I surrounded, conquered, (and) plundered the city Ukku. I brought out of it every kind of possession (and) property, the treasures of his palace, and I counted (it) as booty. | |
iv 5353 | ||
iv 5454 | ||
iv 5555 | ||
iv 5656 | ||
iv 5757 | ||
iv 5858 | (iv 58) Moreover, I conquered thirty-five cities on the borders of its outskirts and carried off people, oxen, and sheep and goats, (and) donkeys. (Then) I destroyed (them), devastated (them), (and) burned (them) with fire. | |
iv 5959 | ||
iv 6060 | ||
iv 6161 | (iv 61) In the eponymy of Šulmu-bēli, governor of the city Talmusu (696), Kirua — the city ruler of Illubru, a servant who belonged to me, whom his gods had abandoned — (iv 65) incited the population of Ḫilakku to rebel and prepare for battle. The people living in the cities Ingirâ and Tarzu aligned themselves with him, then seized the road through the land Que (and) blocked (its) passage. | |
iv 6262 | ||
iv 6363 | ||
iv 6464 | ||
iv 6565 | ||
iv 6666 | ||
iv 6767 | ||
iv 6868 | ||
iv 6969 | (iv 69) I sent against them archers, shield and lance bearers, chariots, (and) horses of my royal contingent. In rugged mountain terrain, they defeated the population of Ḫilakku, who had aligned themselves with him. (iv 75) They conquered and plundered the cities Ingirâ (and) Tarzu. | |
iv 7070 | ||
iv 7171 | ||
iv 7272 | ||
iv 7373 | ||
iv 7474 | ||
iv 7575 | ||
iv 7676 | ||
iv 7777 | (iv 77) As for him (Kirua), they besieged him in the city Illubru, his fortified city, and cut off his escape route. They defeated him by means of bringing up battering rams, siege machines (lit. “nimgallus of the wall”), (iv 80) and siege engines, (and) the assault of foot soldiers, and they took possession of the city. | |
iv 7878 | ||
iv 7979 | ||
iv 8080 | ||
iv 8181 | ||
iv 8282 | (iv 82) They brought Kirua, the city ruler, together with booty from his cities and the inhabitants of Ḫilakku who had aligned themselves with him, as well as donkeys, oxen, and sheep and goats to Nineveh, before me. I flayed Kirua. | |
iv 8383 | ||
iv 8484 | ||
iv 8585 | ||
iv 8686 | ||
iv 8787 | (iv 87) Once again, I reorganized the city Illubru (and) settled therein the people of the lands that I had conquered. I installed the weapon of the god Aššur, my lord, inside it. (iv 90) I had a stele of alabaster made and I erected (it) in front of it. | |
iv 8888 | ||
iv 8989 | ||
iv 9090 | ||
iv 9191 | ||
Column v | ||
v 1v 1 | (v 1) In the eponymy of Aššur-bēlu-uṣur, governor of the land Katmuḫi (695), I ... against the city Tīl-garimmu, a city on the border of the land Tabal where Gurdî, king of the city Urdutu, (v 5) had mobilized his weapons, then I sent archers, shield and lance bearers, chariots, (and) horses of my royal contingent against it. | |
v 22 | ||
v 33 | ||
v 44 | ||
v 55 | ||
v 66 | ||
v 77 | ||
v 88 | ||
v 99 | (v 9) They besieged that city and (v 10) took possession of the city by means of piling up earth, bringing up battering rams, (and) the assault of foot soldiers. They counted the people, as well as the gods, living inside it as booty. They destroyed (and) devastated that city. They turned (it) into a mound of ruins (lit. “a mound and ruins”). | |
v 1010 | ||
v 1111 | ||
v 1212 | ||
v 1313 | ||
v 1414 | ||
v 1515 | (v 15) From the booty of those lands that I had plundered, I conscripted 30,000 archers (and) 20,000 shield bearers and added (them) to my royal contingent. (v 20) I divided up the rest of the substantial enemy booty like sheep and goats among my entire camp and my governors, (and) the people of my great cult centers. | |
v 1616 | 30 LIM GIŠ.PAN 20 LIM GIŠ.a-ri-tu16 | |
v 1717 | ||
v 1818 | ||
v 1919 | ||
v 2020 | ||
v 2121 | ||
v 2222 | ||
v 2323 | (v 23) At that time, Nineveh, the exalted cult center, the city loved by the goddess Ištar (v 25) in which all of the rituals for gods and goddesses are present; the enduring foundation (and) eternal base whose plan had been designed by the stars (lit. “writing”) of the firmament and whose arrangement was made manifest since time immemorial; (v 30) a sophisticated place (and) site of secret lore in which every kind of skilled craftsmanship, all of the rituals, (and) the secret(s) of the lalgar (cosmic subterranean water) are apprehended; | |
v 2424 | ||
v 2525 | ||
v 2626 | ||
v 2727 | ||
v 2828 | ||
v 2929 | ||
v 3030 | ||
v 3131 | ||
v 3232 | ||
v 3333 | ||
v 3434 | (v 34) in which since time immemorial earlier kings, (v 35) my ancestors, before me exercised dominion over Assyria and ruled the subjects of the god Enlil; (but) not one among them had conceived of and put his mind towards increasing the site of the city, building wall(s), straightening the streets, (v 40) or dredging the river (and) planting orchards; nor had any (of them) paid heed to (or) shown interest in the palace inside it, the seat of lordly dwelling whose site had become too small (and) whose construction was inexpert: | |
v 3535 | ||
v 3636 | ||
v 3737 | ||
v 3838 | ||
v 3939 | ||
v 4040 | ||
v 4141 | ||
v 4242 | ||
v 4343 | ||
v 4444 | ||
v 4545 | ||
v 4646 | ||
v 4747 | ||
v 4848 | (v 48) (But) as for me, Sennacherib, king of the world, king of Assyria, (v 50) the performing of this work came to my attention by the will of the gods and I put my mind to it. I forcibly removed the people of Chaldea, Aramean (tribes), the land of the Manneans, the lands Que and Ḫilakku, (and) Philistia, and the land (of the city) Tyre, who had not submitted to my yoke, then I made them carry baskets (of earth) and they made bricks. | |
v 4949 | ||
v 5050 | ||
v 5151 | ||
v 5252 | ||
v 5353 | ||
v 5454 | ||
v 5555 | ||
v 5656 | (v 56b) The former palace, whose extent was 360 cubits on (its) longer side (and) 95 cubits on (its) shorter side, and (v 60) whose site was too small; which earlier kings, my ancestors, had had constructed for their lordly dwelling, but whose construction they had carried out inexpertly: | |
v 5757 | ||
v 5858 | ||
v 5959 | ||
v 6060 | ||
v 6161 | ||
v 6262 | ||
v 6363 | ||
v 6464 | (v 64) They quarried bull colossi of white limestone in the city Tastiate, which is across the Tigris River, to be their (the palatial halls’) gatekeepers. Throughout their entire land they depleted forests of large trees to have boats built. (v 70) In the month Ayyāru (II), the time of spring floods, they brought (the colossi) across to this side (of the river) with difficulty in magnificent boats. They sank large boats at the quay dock (and then) made their crews (v 75) struggle (and) strain. With might and main, they struggled to transport (the colossi) and install (them) in their gates. | |
v 6565 | ||
v 6666 | ||
v 6767 | ||
v 6868 | ||
v 6969 | ||
v 7070 | ||
v 7171 | ||
v 7272 | ||
v 7373 | ||
v 7474 | ||
v 7575 | ||
v 7676 | ||
v 7777 | ||
v 7878 | ||
v 7979 | (v 79) The Tebilti River, a tempestuous flood (of water) which had flowed from distant days by the side of the palace and which had caused erosion in its foundation when its flood was in full spate (and) had shaken its base: | |
v 8080 | ||
v 8181 | ||
v 8282 | ||
v 8383 | ||
v 8484 | (v 84) I tore down that small palace in its entirety. (v 85) I diverted the course of the Tebilti River from the center of the city and directed its outflow into the meadow behind the city. | |
v 8585 | ||
v 8686 | ||
v 8787 | ||
v 8888 | (v 88) In a one-half ikû (stretch) of the water’s (natural) course, I bonded together, with bitumen, four large limestone (blocks) and spread marsh reeds and rushes over them. As an addition, I took a plot of land that was 340 cubits long (vi 1) (and) 289 cubits wide from the Ḫusur River and from the plain of the city (and) added (it) to the dimensions of the former terrace. In its (the terrace’s) entirety, I raised its superstructure 190 courses of brick high. | |
v 8989 | ||
v 9090 | ||
v 9191 | ||
Column vi | ||
vi 1vi 1 | ||
vi 22 | ||
vi 33 | ||
vi 44 | ||
vi 55 | ||
vi 66 | ||
vi 77 | (vi 7) In order to prevent the foundation of the terrace from being weakened over the passage of time by cresting flood(s), (vi 10) I surrounded its base with large limestone (slabs and thereby) reinforced its base. I enlarged the structure of the palace to 700 large cubits along (its) longer side and 440 large cubits along (its) shorter side and (thus) I made its site bigger. | |
vi 88 | ||
vi 99 | ||
vi 1010 | ||
vi 1111 | ||
vi 1212 | ||
vi 1313 | ||
vi 1414 | (vi 14b) I built palatial halls of gold, silver, (vi 15) bronze, ...-stone, breccia, alabaster, elephant ivory, ebony, boxwood, musukkannu-wood, cedar, cypress, juniper, elammaku-wood, (and) Indian wood, for my lordly residence, (vi 20) then I had a house with double doors, a replica of a Hittite palace, opposite (its) gates, constructed. | |
vi 1515 | ZABAR NA₄.AN.ZA.GUL.ME NA₄.DÚR.MI.NA.BÀN.DA32 | |
vi 1616 | ||
vi 1717 | ||
vi 1818 | ||
vi 1919 | ||
vi 2020 | ||
vi 2121 | ||
vi 2222 | ||
vi 2323 | (vi 23) I roofed them (the palatial halls) with beams of cedar (and) cypress, whose scent is sweet, product(s) of Mount Amanus (vi 25) and Mount Sirāra, the holy mountains. I fastened bands of silver (and) copper on doors of cedar, cypress, juniper, (and) Indian wood and I installed (them) in their gates. | |
vi 2424 | ||
vi 2525 | ||
vi 2626 | ||
vi 2727 | ||
vi 2828 | ||
vi 2929 | ||
vi 3030 | (vi 30) In the corridors that are within the papāḫu-chambers, I made openings for latticed windows. At their gates, I stationed apotropaic figures of alabaster (and) elephant ivory, whose folded hands hold poppies, who are laden with pride (and) allure, (vi 35) (and) who are filled with exuberance, and (thus) I made (them) an object of wonder. | |
vi 3131 | ||
vi 3232 | ||
vi 3333 | ||
vi 3434 | ||
vi 3535 | ||
vi 3636 | ||
vi 3737 | (vi 37) The covering of the roof that (hangs) over the corridors — I made their somber atmosphere cheerful, making (them) as bright as day. (vi 40) I decorated them with silver and copper knobbed nails. I adorned the arches, friezes, and all of the copings with baked bricks (glazed in the color of) obsidian (and) lapis lazuli. | |
vi 3838 | ||
vi 3939 | ||
vi 4040 | ||
vi 4141 | ||
vi 4242 | ||
vi 4343 | ||
vi 4444 | ||
vi 4545 | (vi 45) So that the construction of my palace might be carried out correctly and that my handiwork be completed, at that time, the god Aššur and the goddess Ištar, who love my priestly service (and) who selected me (lit. “who called my name”), revealed to me a source of long trunks of cedar, (vi 50) which since distant days grew tall and very thick as they stood in seclusion in the Sirāra mountain range. | |
vi 4646 | ||
vi 4747 | ||
vi 4848 | ||
vi 4949 | ||
vi 5050 | ||
vi 5151 | ||
vi 5252 | ||
vi 5353 | (vi 53b) In the uplands of Mount Ammanāna (northern Anti-Lebanon), they (Aššur and Ištar) disclosed to me the location of alabaster, which in the time of the kings, (vi 55) my ancestors, was too expensive (even) for the pommel of a sword. | |
vi 5454 | ||
vi 5555 | ||
vi 5656 | ||
vi 5757 | (vi 57) Moreover, breccia, as much as is needed (for making) burzigallu-bowls, (a stone) that had never been seen before, (vi 60) revealed itself at Kapridargilâ (“Dargilâ Village”), which is on the border of the city Tīl-Barsip. | |
vi 5858 | ||
vi 5959 | ||
vi 6060 | ||
vi 6161 | ||
vi 6262 | (vi 62) Near Nineveh, in the territory of the city Balāṭāya, by divine will, white limestone was discovered in abundance, then I created bull colossi and (other) statues with limbs of alabaster that are sculpted from a single stone, (whose) proportions are perfect, (and) who stand high on their own pedestals; sphinxes of alabaster (vi 70) whose features are exquisite (and) whose bodies shine like a brilliant day; (and) magnificent slabs of breccia. I cut (them) free on both sides from their mountains, then, for the construction of my palace, I had (them) dragged into Nineveh. | |
vi 6363 | ||
vi 6464 | ||
vi 6565 | ||
vi 6666 | ||
vi 6767 | ||
vi 6868 | ||
vi 6969 | ||
vi 7070 | ||
vi 7171 | ||
vi 7272 | ||
vi 7373 | ||
vi 7474 | ||
vi 7575 | ||
vi 7676 | (vi 76) I had bull colossi and sphinxes of white limestone created and their forms perfected through the craft of the deity Ninkura, in the territory of the city Balāṭāya. | |
vi 7777 | ||
vi 7878 | ||
vi 7979 | ||
vi 8080 | (vi 80) Since time immemorial, the kings, my ancestors, created copper statues, replicas of their (own) forms, to be erected in temples, and through their manufacture they had exhausted all of the craftsmen. (vi 85) Through ignorance (and) failure to give thought on the matter, they depleted the oil, wax, (and) wool in their lands for the work they desired. | |
vi 8181 | ||
vi 8282 | ||
vi 8383 | ||
vi 8484 | ||
vi 8585 | ||
vi 8686 | ||
vi 8787 | ||
vi 8888 | ||
vi 8989 | (vi 89) (But) as for me, Sennacherib, the foremost of all rulers, expert in every type of work, regarding large columns of copper (and) striding lion colossi, which none of the kings of the past (who came) before me had cast: (vii 1) with the ingenious mind that the prince, the god Ninšiku, had granted to me (and) taking counsel with myself, I intensively pondered how to perform this work. Then, with my (own) ideas and knowledge, I created a cast work of copper and expertly carried out its artful execution. | |
vi 9090 | ||
vi 9191 | ||
vi 9292 | ||
vi 9393 | ||
Column vii | ||
vii 1vii 1 | ||
vii 22 | ||
vii 33 | ||
vii 44 | ||
vii 55 | ||
vii 66 | ||
vii 77 | ||
vii 88 | ||
vii 99 | (vii 9) By divine will, I created clay mold(s) of tree trunks and date palm(s), (vii 10) the tree of abundance, (of) twelve raging lions, as well as (of) twelve magnificent bull colossi with perfect features (and) twenty-two sphinxes that are coated in allure (and) charm (and) that have pride (and) exuberance (vii 15) heaped upon them, then I poured copper into it. Just like the cast work of (an object weighing only) a half shekel, I perfected their forms. | |
vii 1010 | ||
vii 1111 | ||
vii 1212 | ||
vii 1313 | ||
vii 1414 | ||
vii 1515 | ||
vii 1616 | ||
vii 1717 | ||
vii 1818 | ||
vii 1919 | ||
vii 2020 | (vii 20) I made bull colossi with copper features, two of which were overlaid with zaḫalû-silver, (and) bull colossi of alabaster, together with bull colossi and sphinxes of white limestone, hold the door bolts of my palatial halls. | |
vii 2121 | ||
vii 2222 | ||
vii 2323 | ||
vii 2424 | ||
vii 2525 | ||
vii 2626 | (vii 26) I fastened bands of copper and tin on magnificent copper columns, as well as on large cedar columns, which are the product of Mount Amanus, then I installed (them) upon lion colossi and positioned cross-beams (upon them) as a cornice for their gates. | |
vii 2727 | ||
vii 2828 | ||
vii 2929 | ||
vii 3030 | ||
vii 3131 | (vii 31) Sphinxes of alabaster, as well as sphinxes of cast urudû-copper that were overlaid with zaḫalû-silver, and sphinxes of cast ...-metal, (vii 35) whose features were brilliant: I erected over them columns of ebony, cypress, cedar, daprānu-juniper, juniper, and Indian wood, with pašallu-gold and silver inlays, then (vii 40) I positioned the architraves of the inner rooms of my lordly residence (on those columns). | |
vii 3232 | ||
vii 3333 | ||
vii 3434 | ||
vii 3535 | ||
vii 3636 | ||
vii 3737 | ||
vii 3838 | ||
vii 3939 | ||
vii 4040 | ||
vii 4141 | (vii 41) I surrounded their (the palace rooms’) lower courses with slabs of breccia (and) alabaster, and large limestone slabs (and) made (them) an object of wonder. | |
vii 4242 | ||
vii 4343 | ||
vii 4444 | ||
vii 4545 | (vii 45) In order to be able to draw water by bucket every day, I had bronze wire chains and bronze cables made and, instead of poles, I had tree trunks and date palm(s) of copper placed over wells. | |
vii 4646 | ||
vii 4747 | ||
vii 4848 | ||
vii 4949 | (vii 49b) I made those palatial halls beautiful. To be an object of wonder for all of the people, I raised the superstructure of the entire palace. I called it “The Palace Without a Rival.” | |
vii 5050 | ||
vii 5151 | ||
vii 5252 | ||
vii 5353 | (vii 53) I planted alongside it (the palace) a botanical garden, a replica of Mount Amanus, which has all kinds of aromatic plants (and) fruit trees, trees that are the mainstay of the mountains and Chaldea, together with cotton trees (lit. “trees bearing wool”), collected inside it. | |
vii 5454 | ||
vii 5555 | ||
vii 5656 | ||
vii 5757 | ||
vii 5858 | (vii 58) Nineveh, the site of whose circumference had been 9,300 cubits since former times (vii 60) (and) for which no earlier ruler had had an inner or outer wall built — I added 12,515 (cubits) in the plain around the city to (its) previous measurement and (thus) established its dimensions as 21,815 large cubits. | |
vii 5959 | ||
vii 6060 | ||
vii 6161 | ||
vii 6262 | ||
vii 6363 | ||
vii 6464 | ||
vii 6565 | (vii 65) I laid the foundation of its great wall, Badnigalbilukurašušu, (which means) “Wall Whose Brilliance Overwhelms Enemies,” upon limestone and made (it) 40 bricks thick. I raised its superstructure 180 courses of brick high. | |
vii 6666 | ||
vii 6767 | ||
vii 6868 | ||
vii 6969 | ||
vii 7070 | (vii 70) I had fifteen gates opened up in it in four directions, in front and behind, (and) along both sides, for entering and leaving. | |
vii 7171 | ||
vii 7272 | ||
vii 7373 | ||
vii 7474 | (vii 74) “May the Vice-Regent of the God Aššur Stay in Good Health”: (this is) the Aššur Gate, which (leads to) the Inner City (Aššur). (vii 75) “The One Who Flattens All Enemies”: (this is) the Sennacherib Gate, which (leads to) the land Ḫalzi. “The God Enlil Is the One Who Makes My Reign Firm”: (this is) the Šamaš Gate, which (leads to) the land Gagal. “Make Sennacherib’s Dynasty as Firm as the Position of the Wagon Constellation!”: (this is) the Mullissu Gate, which (leads to) the city Kār-Mullissi. (vii 80) “The One Who Exorcises the ‘Flesh’ of the Asakku-demon”: (this is) the Step Gate. “The Choicest of Grain and Flocks Are Constantly Inside It”: (this is) the gate (that leads to) the city Šibaniba. “The Bearer of the Produce of the Mountains”: (this is) the gate (that leads to) the land Ḫalaḫḫu. In total, seven gates (facing) the rising sun, (vii 85) towards the south and east, (and) I gave them (these) names. | |
vii 7575 | ||
vii 7676 | ||
vii 7777 | ||
vii 7878 | ||
vii 7979 | ||
vii 8080 | ||
vii 8181 | ||
vii 8282 | ||
vii 8383 | ||
vii 8484 | ||
vii 8585 | ||
vii 8686 | ||
vii 8787 | (vii 87) “The God Adad Is the Provider of Prosperity to the Land”: (this is) the Adad Gate, which (leads to) the game preserve. “The God Erra Is the One Who Slaughters Those Hostile to Me”: (vii 90) (this is) the Nergal Gate, which (leads to) the city Tarbiṣu. “The Divine Nannāru Is the One Who Protects My Lordly Crown”: (this is) the Sîn Gate. In total, three gates (facing) towards the north (and) I gave them (these) names. | |
vii 8888 | ||
vii 8989 | ||
vii 9090 | ||
vii 9191 | ||
vii 9292 | ||
vii 9393 | ||
vii 9494 | (vii 94) “The God Ea Is the One Who Properly Directs (Water Flow into) My Cisterns”: (this is) the Mašqû Gate. (vii 95) “The One Who Brings in Income from the Settlements”: (this is) the Quay Gate. “The Presents of the People of Sumuʾil and Tēma (viii 1) Enter Through It”: (this is) the Desert Gate. “The One Who Regulates Everything”: (this is) the Armory Gate. “The God Šarur Is the One Who Cuts Down the King’s Enemy”: (this is) the Ḫandūru Gate. In total, five gates (facing) towards the west (and) I gave them (these) names. | |
vii 9595 | ||
vii 9696 | ||
Column viii | ||
viii 1viii 1 | ||
viii 22 | ||
viii 33 | ||
viii 44 | ||
viii 55 | ||
viii 66 | (viii 6) I opened up a foundation pit for the outer wall, Badnigerimḫuluḫa, (which means) “Terrorizer of Enemies,” then I dug down forty-five nindanu and made (it) reach the water table. (viii 10) I bound together strong mountain stone in the water below and above I expertly carried out its construction with large limestone (blocks) up to its copings. | |
viii 77 | ||
viii 88 | ||
viii 99 | ||
viii 1010 | ||
viii 1111 | ||
viii 1212 | ||
viii 1313 | (viii 13) I enlarged the site of Nineveh, my capital city. I broadened its squares, making (them) as bright as day. I had an inner (and) outer wall built and I raised (them) as high as mountain(s). | |
viii 1414 | ||
viii 1515 | ||
viii 1616 | (viii 16) I had gardens cultivated upstream and downstream of the city. I gathered in them fruit trees of the mountains and of all lands (and) every type of aromatic tree of the land Ḫatti. On newly tilled soil, which is beside the game preserve, (viii 20) I planted in great number all (types) of mountain vine, every type of fruit tree from all over the world, (including) spice and olive trees. | |
viii 1717 | ||
viii 1818 | ||
viii 1919 | ||
viii 2020 | ||
viii 2121 | ||
viii 2222 | (viii 22) The Ḫusur River, whose waters since time immemorial had been deep and which none of the kings, my ancestors, had confined (i.e., made its water flow through a canal) so that they (the waters of the Ḫusur) poured into the Tigris River: | |
viii 2323 | ||
viii 2424 | ||
viii 2525 | (viii 25) To make (those) planted areas luxuriant, I dug with picks a canal straight through high ground (and) low ground, from the border of the city Kisiri. (Thus) I provided a regular supply of those waters to the plain of Nineveh and (viii 30) I made (them) gush through small canals into those gardens. | |
viii 2626 | ||
viii 2727 | ||
viii 2828 | ||
viii 2929 | ||
viii 3030 | ||
viii 3131 | a-na bit-re-e ma-a-me ina GÌR.II mu-uṣ-ri KUR-e ger-ri aṣ-bat-ma64 | (viii 31) I mounted an expedition to search for water at the foot of Mount Muṣri, then I climbed high and marched with difficulty to the city Elmunaqinnû. I found sources of water in front of the cities Dūr-Ištar, Šibaniba, and Sulu, then (viii 35) I made their narrow openings bigger and turned (them) into springs. |
viii 3232 | ||
viii 3333 | ||
viii 3434 | ||
viii 3535 | ||
viii 3636 | (viii 36) For a course for those waters, I cut through rugged mountains, confined areas, with picks and directed their outflow into the plain of Nineveh. I strengthened their channels like the base of a mountain. (viii 40) I provided a regular supply of those waters in them. (Thus) I forever added (them) as an addition to the waters of the Ḫusur River. | |
viii 3737 | ||
viii 3838 | ||
viii 3939 | ||
viii 4040 | ||
viii 4141 | ||
viii 4242 | ||
viii 4343 | (viii 43) In summer, I enabled all of the orchards to be irrigated. In winter, I annually had water provided to 1,000 seeded fields in the plains upstream and downstream of the city. | |
viii 4444 | ||
viii 4545 | ||
viii 4646 | (viii 46) I created a marsh to moderate the flow of those waters and planted a canebrake in it. I let loose in it herons, wild boars (lit. “pigs of the reeds”), (and) roe deer. (viii 50) By divine will, vines, all kinds of fruit trees, olive trees, (and) aromatic trees flourished greatly in (those) gardens (planted) on newly tilled soil. Cypress trees, musukkannu-trees, (and) all kinds of trees grew tall and (viii 55) sent out shoots. The marshes thrived greatly. Birds of the heavens, heron(s) whose home(s) are far away, made nest(s) and wild boars (and) roe deer gave birth in abundance. | |
viii 4747 | ||
viii 4848 | ||
viii 4949 | ||
viii 5050 | ||
viii 5151 | ||
viii 5252 | ||
viii 5353 | ||
viii 5454 | ||
viii 5555 | ||
viii 5656 | ||
viii 5757 | ||
viii 5858 | ||
viii 5959 | ||
viii 6060 | (viii 60) I cut down musukkannu-trees (and) cypress trees grown in the orchards (and) marsh reeds from the swamps and I used (them) in the work required (to build) my lordly palatial halls. They picked cotton (lit. “trees bearing wool”) (and) wove (it) into clothing. | |
viii 6161 | ||
viii 6262 | ||
viii 6363 | ||
viii 6464 | ||
viii 6565 | (viii 65) After I had finished the work on my palace, I invited inside it the god Aššur, the great lord, (and) the gods and goddesses living in Assyria, then I made splendid offerings and (viii 70) presented my gift(s). I made fine oil from olives and aromatics from the orchards (planted) on newly tilled soil. At the inauguration of the palace, (viii 75) I had the heads of the subjects of my land drenched (and) I watered their insides with sweet wine. | |
viii 6666 | ||
viii 6767 | ||
viii 6868 | ||
viii 6969 | ||
viii 7070 | ||
viii 7171 | ||
viii 7272 | ||
viii 7373 | ||
viii 7474 | ||
viii 7575 | ||
viii 7676 | ||
viii 7777 | (viii 77) In the future, may one of the kings, my descendants, whom the god Aššur names for shepherding the land and people, (viii 80) renovate its dilapidated section(s) when that wall becomes old and dilapidated. May he find an inscribed object bearing my name, anoint (it) with oil, (viii 85) make an offering, (and) return (it) to its place. The god Aššur and the goddess Ištar will (then) hear his prayers. | |
viii 7878 | ||
viii 7979 | ||
viii 8080 | ||
viii 8181 | ||
viii 8282 | ||
viii 8383 | ||
viii 8484 | ||
viii 8585 | ||
viii 8686 | ||
viii 8787 | ||
Date | Date | |
viii 8888 | (viii 88) Abu (V), eponymy of Ilu-ittīya, governor of the city Damascus (694). |
1These lines generally duplicate text no. 15 i 1–v 9 and text no. 16 i 1–iv 69, apart from orthographic variants; see the on-page notes of those texts for comments.
2KUR.ma-ʾa-ba-a-a “of the land Moab”: Ex. 2 has URU.ma-ʾa-ba-a-a “of the city Moab.”
3This edition, as well as text no. 16 and exs. 2 and 11 of text no. 15, omits DINGIR.MEŠ ma-rak KUR-šú i-na KI.TUŠ-šú-nu id-ke-ma qé-reb GIŠ.MÁ.MEŠ ú-šar-kib-ma “he dislodged the gods of the (full) extent of his land from their abodes, and loaded (them) onto boats.”
4Cf. text no. 15 iv 33´ and text no. 22 iii 64, which have na-gi-ti-ra-aq-qí “(the city) Nagīte-raqqi” and URU.na-gi-te-raq-qí “the city Nagīte-raqqi” respectively.
5These lines generally duplicate text no. 16 iv 70–v 32, apart from orthographic variants; see the on-page notes of that text for comments.
65 “fifth”: Heidel’s transliteration of ex. 2 (Sumer 9 [1953] p. 144) has 4 “fourth.” This must be a mistake in the modern transliteration or else Heidel would have had a footnote about it.
735 “thirty-five”: Text no. 16 v 29 and text no. 22 iv 28 have 33 “thirty-three.” li-me-ti-šú “its outskirts”: Text no. 22 iv 29 has na-gi-šú “its district.”
8Text no. 16 v 30 and text no. 22 iv 29 add ANŠE.MEŠ “donkeys” after UN.MEŠ “people.”
9This military report is known only from this inscription; it was not incorporated into the military narration of later editions of Sennacherib’s res gestae. It is, however, mentioned in several later texts; for example, see text no. 26 i 18´ and text no. 34 lines 17b–18.
10URU.il-lu-ub-ri: The city Illubru has been identified as modern Namrun (Byzantine Lampron). See Houwink ten Cate, Luwian Population Groups p. 25.
11URU.ḫi-lak-ki “the city Ḫilakku”: Note that the scribe has used the city determinative (URU), rather than the expected land determinative (KUR), before Ḫilakku.
12This military report is known only from this inscription; it was not incorporated into the military narration of later editions of Sennacherib’s res gestae. It is, however, mentioned in several later texts; for example, see text no. 34 line 19.
13G. Lanfranchi (Melammu 1 p. 24 n. 68) suggests that Kulummayu can easily be considered an alternative graphic form of Garimmu since the sounds /r/, /l/, and /t/ are often interchangeable in Anatolian languages. He suggests also that the form of the name may have been influenced by the scribal pun introduced in v 14 and therefore the Hittite name of the city (Tekarama) could have been rendered as Tīl-garimme in this inscription and as Kulummayu in the Eponym Chronicle. For the scribal wordplay between Tīl-garimme in v 2 and ana tilli u karmē “into a mound of ruins (lit. “a mound and ruins”)” in v 14, see Borger, HKL 1 p. 319 and Yamada, AoF 33 (2006) p. 232; S. Yamada proposes that this pun was already on the minds of Tiglath-pileser III’s scribes since the name of the city Tīl-garimme (bibl. Togarma) is written as Tīl-karme in that king’s inscriptions (for example, Tadmor and Yamada, RINAP 1 p. 46 Tiglath-pileser III 14 line 9).
14mgúr-di-i “Gurdî”: The name was previously read as mḫi-di-i “Ḫidî”; for example, see Luckenbill, Senn. p. 62. URU.ur-du-ti “the city Urdutu”: Cf. A. Heidel (Sumer 9 [1953] p. 251), who suggests URU ur-du-ti “a vassal city”; this view was followed by the CAD (R p. 97 sub rakāsu 3b) and PNA (Aro-Valjus, PNA 2/1 p. 431 sub Gurdî no. 3). Our interpretation, however, follows Parpola, Toponyms p. 373 sub URDUTU and Frahm, Sanherib p. 88.
15as-su-uk-ma “I ... and”: The verb, contra the CAD (N/2 p. 22 sub nasāqu A 1a), is nasāku “to throw (down),” but its precise meaning in this context is uncertain.
1630 LIM “30,000”: Text no. 4 line 59 has 10 LIM “10,000,” text no. 15 v 11 and text no. 16 v 34 have 20 LIM “20,000,” and text no. 19 ii´ 14´ has 20 LIM 4 ME “20,400.” 20 LIM “20,000”: Text no. 4 line 59 has 10 LIM “10,000,” text no. 15 v 11 and text no. 16 v 34 have 15 LIM “15,000,” and text no. 19 ii´ 14´ has 20 LIM 2 ME “20,200.”
17Although the building report utilizes material from earlier texts, it also contains material composed anew for this text and other inscriptions written in 694 (Sennacherib’s 11th regnal year). Cf. text no. 15 v 18–viii 7´´ and text no. 16 v 41–viii 51; see the on-page notes of those texts for comments. For some of the differences between this text and the previous inscription, see the on-pages below.
18Text no. 16 v 71–76a has É.GAL maḫ-ri-tu ša 3 ME 60 ina 1.KÙŠ UŠ 80 i-na 1.KÙŠ DAGAL i-na tar-ṣi za-me-e É ziq-qur-rat 1 ME 34 i-na 1.KÙŠ DAGAL i-na tar-ṣi na-ma-ri É diš-tar 95 i-na 1.KÙŠ DAGAL i-na tar-ṣi na-ma-ri É-kid₉-mu-ri “the former palace, which was 360 cubits long, 80 cubits wide opposite the zamû-wall of the ziggurrat, 134 cubits wide opposite the tower of the temple of the goddess Ištar, (and) 95 cubits wide opposite the tower of the Bīt-Kidmuri.”
193 ME 60 “360”: According to the copy seen by E. Frahm (Sanherib p. 88), ex. 1* has 3? (over erasure) ME 40 “340,” or less likely 6 ME 40 “640.”
20According to the copy seen by E. Frahm (Sanherib p. 88), ex. 1* omits this passage altogether.
21dALAD.dLAMMA.MEŠ “bull colossi”: Cf. text no. 16 v 79, which has UDU.MEŠ šad-di dLAMMA “mountain sheep colossi.”
22Ex. 1* appears to abbreviate mar-ṣi-iš i-na né-ber ka-a-ri GIŠ.MÁ.GU.LA.MEŠ “with difficulty ... large boats at the quay dock.”
23Cf. text no. 16 vi 17b–19a, which has ša ÍD.te-bil-ti ma-lak-šá uš-te-eš-na-a ab-bu uš-ṭib-ma ú-še-šir mu-ṣu-šá “I changed the course of the Tebilti River, repaired (the effects of) the erosion, and regulated its flow.”
24Text no. 16 vi 19b–21a has qé-reb ka-tim-ti a-sur-rak-ki-šá šap-la-a-nu GI.MEŠ e-la-niš NA₄ KUR-i dan-nu it-ti ESIR.UD.A ak-si-ma “in the hidden depths of its subterranean waters I bonded together with bitumen reeds below (and) strong mountain stone above.”
252 ME 89 “289”: Text no. 16 vi 22 has 2 ME 88 “288.”
26qé-reb ... lu aṣ-ba-ta “I took ... from ...”: Cf. text no. 16 vi 23–24a, which has ul-tu qé-[reb ÍD.ḫu-su-ur? ú-še-lam-ma] na-ba-liš ú-ter “[I raised] (it) out [of the Ḫusur River and] converted (it) to dry land.”
27Unlike text no. 16, this inscription does not include the measurements of the newly constructed terrace. Instead, it adds the dimensions of the palace after the passage recording the reinforcement of the terrace’s foundations with large limestone slabs (vi 7–14a). See text no. 16 vi 26–38.
28Text no. 16 adds a passage here about the god Aššur and the goddess Ištar revealing white limestone in the city Balāṭāya (vi 39–48). That passage appears below in this inscription, but in a greatly expanded fashion. See the on-page note to vi 45–79.
29This passage appears in lieu of the dimensions of the terrace. See the on-page note to vi 6.
304 ME 40 “440”: Ex. 3 has 4 ME “400.”
31É.GAL.MEŠ “palatial halls”: Text no. 16 vi 53 has É.GAL “palace.”
32KÙ.BABBAR ... GIŠ.si-in-da-a “silver ... Indian wood”: This inscription adds silver, gold, bronze, NA₄.AN.ZA.GUL.ME (meaning unknown), and Indian wood to the list of materials used in the construction of the palace. NA₄.AN.ZA.GUL.ME “...”: See von Soden, ZA 45 (1939) p. 47; and Schuster-Brandis, AOAT 46 p. 273.
33a-na mu-šab be-lu-ti-ia “for my lordly residence”: Cf. text no. 16 vi 56–57, which has é-gal-zag-di-nu-tuku-a a-na mu-⸢šab⸣ LUGAL-ti-ia “Egalzagdinutukua, as my royal residence.”
34ab-ni-ma “I built and”: Cf. text no. 16 vi 57, which has ú-še-piš-ma qé-reb-šú “I had constructed thereon and.”
35This passage is a reworked and expanded version of text no. 16 vi 58–73. Apart from vi 30–39, which was composed anew for this text and other inscriptions written in 694, the main differences between the two texts are: (1) text no. 16 has É ap-pa-a-te tam-šil É.GAL KUR.ḫat-ti ša i-na li-šá-a-ni KUR MAR.TU.KI É ḫi-la-a-ni i-šá-as-su-šú a-na mul-ta-ʾu-ti be-lu-ti-ia ú-še-pi-šá qé-reb-ši-in “for my lordly pleasure, I constructed inside them a portico, a replica of a Hittite palace, which is called bīt-ḫilāni in the language of the land Amurru” in lieu of É mu-ter-re-te ... ú-še-piš “I had a house with double doors ... constructed”; (2) this inscription has bi-nu-ut KUR.ḫa-ma-nim ù KUR.si-ra-ra “product(s) of Mount Amanus and Mount Sirāra” in place of bi-nu-ut KUR.ḫa-ma-nim tar-bit KUR.si-ra-ra “product(s) of Mount Amanus and the yield of Mount Sirāra”; and (3) this text adds Indian wood to the list of wood used to build doors.
36me-ser “band”: Cf. earlier texts (for example, text no. 1 line 81 and text no. 16 vi 63), where misarru is written me-sér.
37This passage is a greatly expanded and reworked version of text no. 16 vi 39–48.
38KUR.am-ma-na-na “Mount Ammanāna”: A. Bagg (SAAB 15 [2006] pp. 183–192) suggests that Ammanāna is the northern part of the Anti-Lebanon; Mount Sirāra is regarded as the southern part of that range. Ammanāna has previously been identified with the Anti-Lebanon (Tadmor, Tigl. III p. 61), Jabal an-Nusairiya (Helsinki Atlas p. 5), and the Amanus (Zadok, NABU 1996 no. 17). See also Bagg, Rép. Géogr. 7/1 pp. 8–9 sub Ammanāna.
39These passages were probably composed anew for this text and other inscriptions written in 694. For vi 80–88, see Dalley in Curtis, Bronzeworking pp. 103–104.
40Cf. von Soden, Orientalia NS 27 (1958) pp. 259–260 no. 103.
41See Dalley in Curtis, Bronzeworking p. 104. This passage is a total reworking of text no. 16 vi 74–77. For giš-maḫ-ḫi ù a-la-mit-ta “tree trunks and date palm(s),” see the on-page note to vii 48.
42GIŠ meš-re-e “the tree of abundance”: Cf. Lambert, BWL p. 74 line 56 and the note to that line on p. 305.
43D.D. Luckenbill (Senn. p. 109), the CAD (Z p. 87 sub zeʾpu 3), G.L. Russell (Senn. p. 148), M.A. Powell (Studies Matouš p. 226), S. Parpola (Kwasman and Parpola, SAA 6 p. XXXIX n. 26), and others believe that 1/2 GÍN.TA.ÀM is a reference to a half-shekel piece. To our knowledge none of these “half-shekel pieces” have ever been identified in the archaeological record. For archaeological and textual evidence for the use of “money” in Mesopotamia prior to the invention of coinage, see Powell, Studies Matouš pp. 211–243. In the late third millennium and early second millennium, Powell suggests that silver was exchanged primarily in the form of “rings” (Sum. ḫar, Akk. šewerum), or more precisely, “coils,” but also in the form of scrap silver (Akk. šibirtu). If 1/2 GÍN.TA.ÀM was ever a reference to a piece of money, it is uncertain what shape it took and whether or not these “half-shekel pieces” were regulated by the palace in the same manner as weights, that is, royal-issue “money.” Greek coins are mentioned in a late Babylonian text; see CAD Z p. 87 sub zeʾpu 4. J. Renger (in Schelkle and Nitsch, Rätsel Geld pp. 307 and 309), M.A. Powell (JESHO 39 [1996] pp. 231–232), K. Radner (in Dercksen, Trade and Finance p. 127 n. 2) and P. Vargyas (JNES 61 [2002] pp. 111–115) suggest that this statement was intended to illustrate how simple and effective Sennacherib’s new casting was, and not to refer to the minting of coins. Radner notes that the smallest amount of copper referred to in legal documents is half a mina. Vargyas suggests reading 1/2 GÍN.TA.ÀM as ina 1 GÍN.TA.ÀM; this proposal is not supported by our collation of ex. 1, as the sign is clearly 1/2, not the signs ina 1. Moreover, E. Frahm (NABU 2005 p. 51 no. 45) points out that 1/2 GÍN in this context equals zūzu “half unit (of a shekel)”; SIG₇.ALAM = Nabnītu Tablet XVII line 236 (Finkel and Civil, MSL 16 p. 162) reads: 1/2 GÍN = zu-ú-zu.
44Cf. text no. 16 vii 4–11, which served as the model for this passage. That inscription refers to the colossi as UDU.MEŠ šad-di dLAMMA “mountain sheep colossi,” rather than as dALAD.dLAMMA.MEŠ “bull colossi,” and records the number of colossi: twelve copper colossi, two colossi of alabaster, and seventy-two colossi of white limestone.
45This passage, which may have been composed anew for this text (and other inscriptions written in 694), is a reworking of text no. 16 vi 83–vii 3.
46This passage was probably composed anew for this text and other inscriptions written in 694. Cf. text no. 16 vi 83–vii 3. In particular, note that that passage records the number of colossi (ten copper sphinxes, ten alabaster sphinxes, and twelve sphinxes cast from GU.AN.NA-metal) and that it differentiates the (two) cedar columns from the other wooden columns. In this inscription, the columns are made from ebony, cypress, cedar, daprānu-juniper, juniper, and Indian wood and their inlays are made from pašallu-gold and silver, whereas in text no. 16 the columns are cedar, cypress, and daprānu-juniper and their inlays are pašallu-gold, ešmarû-silver, and bronze.
47Text no. 16 vii 2 has É.GAL.MEŠ be-lu-ti-ia “my lordly palatial halls.”
48These passages were probably composed anew for this text and other inscriptions written in 694. With regard to vii 45–49, see also Læssøe, JCS 7 (1953) p. 15 and Walker in Curtis, Bronzemaking pp. 116–117.
49ma-ka-a-te “poles”: S. Dalley (HSAO 6 p. 22; and Technology and Culture 44 [2003] pp. 1–26) translates makūtu (pl. makâtu) as “shaduf.” giš-maḫ-ḫi ù a-la-mit-ta “tree trunks and date palm(s)”: Dalley (Iraq 56 [1994] pp. 52–53; HSAO 6 pp. 22–23; and Technology and Culture 44 [2003] pp. 1–26) suggests that these are the components of the Archimedes’ screw; the gišmaḫḫu is the cylinder and the alamittu is the screw/spiral that draws the water upward through the cylinder. Her identification of alamittu as a spiral comes from the sculptured façade of the great temple at Tell al-Rimah, as well as other Mesopotamian temples; the façade of the Tell al-Rimah temple is decorated with semi-engaged columns, some of which are “constructed in brickwork to imitate the edible date-palm with its scalloped trunk, and others having spirals like a stick of barley-sugar.” This led Dalley (Iraq 56 [1994] pp. 52–53) to the following conclusion: “There is no question that the ancient Mesopotamians visualised the trunk of the inedible palm-tree alamittu as a spiral, and that the idea was not restricted to a small region. Sennacherib used the word in his inscription along with that for a cylinder. The only water-lifting device to use these components is the Archimedes Screw. Sennacherib was describing the cylinder and screw which are the two component parts of this device, and his engineers invented the so-called Archimedes screw some 400 years before the time of Archimedes.” For a drawing of the Archimedes’ screw and a photograph of the façade of Tell al-Rimah, see respectively Dalley, Iraq 56 (1994) p. 53 fig. 2; and Dalley and Oleson, Technology and Culture 44 (2003) p. 9 fig. 2. Dalley’s identification of gišmaḫḫu and alamittu as the components of the Archimedes’ screw is conjectural; for some reservations on her proposal, see for example Bagg, Assyrische Wasserbauten pp. 201–203, 206–207, and 277–279. URUDU “copper”: Contra Luckenbill, Senn. p. 110 and CAD M/1 p. 143 sub makūtu 1, both exs. 1 and 2 have a-la-mit-ta URUDU; in ex. 2, A. Heidel (Sumer 9 [1953] p. 166) confidently read URUDU with no brackets and on p. 185 noted that the reading was “unmistakable.” URUDU “copper,” however, is omitted in ex. 4. M. Worthington (personal communication) suggests emending the text to a-la-mit-ta-te since he suspects that a-la-mit-ta URUDU is a corruption of alamittāte. Moreover, he proposes that URUDU was dropped from some exemplars/texts because the copyists regarded it as nonsensical, without realising that the sign originated as TE, while other scribes kept the sign.
50Cf. text no. 15 vii 25–23´ and text no. 16 vii 34–69, which state that there were fourteen gates, and text no. 18 vii 10´–40´, which records that Nineveh had eighteen gates. For details, see the chart on p. 18. A list of the gates of Nineveh in the time of Ashurbanipal was published by O.R. Gurney (STT 2 pl. CCLIV no. 372) and edited by E. Reiner (JNES 26 [1967] pp. 197–198). On the location of the gates, see for example King, Cat. pp. xix–xxiv; Thompson, Arch. 79 (1929) pp. 111–113; Thompson, Iraq 7 (1940) pp. 91–93; Reade, RA 72 (1978) pp. 50–54; and Scott and MacGinnis, Iraq 52 (1990) pp. 63–68.
51Cf. text no. 16 vii 38–39, which lists the Ḫandūru Gate first. That gate is listed last in this inscription, with the west-facing gates. li-bur ÉNSI daš-šur “May the Vice-Regent of the God Aššur Stay in Good Health”: The name of the Aššur Gate is lil-bur ÉNSI daš-šur “May the Vice-Regent of the God Aššur Endure” in text no. 15 vii 31, text no. 16 vii 40, and text no. 18 vii 14´.
52The name of the Mullissu Gate is diš-tar za-nin-ki kur-bi “O Ištar Bless the One Who Provides for You!” in text no. 16 vii 46.
53The name of the Nergal Gate is dèr-ra mu-šam-qit a-a-bi “The God Erra Is the One Who Cuts Down Enemies” in text no. 16 vii 57.
54Cf. the former name of the gate in text no. 16 vii 59–60a: dIGI.SIG₇.SIG₇ mu-šam-me-eḫ ṣip-pa-a-te KÁ.GAL GIŠ.KIRI₆.MEŠ “‘The God Igisigsig Is the One Who Makes Orchards Flourish’: (this is) the Gate of the Gardens.”
55This gate is first attested in this text. See Ephʿal, Arabs p. 41 and n. 108.
56This inscription omits the passages referring to the construction of aqueducts and a bridge. Cf. text no. 16 vii 81–viii 3a.
57Cf. text no. 16 viii 3b–11.
58a-ḫa am-ba-si “beside the game preserve”: Probably a sandhi writing of aḫi ambassi (M. Worthington, personal communication).
59The first part of this passage (viii 22–30) is a reworked version of text no. 16 viii 12–13, while the second part of the report of the creation of a canal system for Nineveh (viii 31–42) contains material that was probably written anew for this inscription. For a detailed study of Sennacherib’s efforts to bring water to Nineveh, see Bagg, Assyrische Wasserbauten pp. 175–224. See also, for example, Reade, RA 72 (1978) pp. 47–72; and Reade, RLA 9/5–6 (2000) pp. 404–407 §11.7.
60mu-la-a muš-pa-lum “high ground (and) low ground”: Cf. text no. 16 viii 17, which has KUR-a ù bi-ru-tú “mountain and valley.”
61aḫ-ra-a “I dug” and ÍD.pat-tu “a canal”: Text no. 16 viii 19 has ú-šat-tir-⸢ma⸣ “I cut straight through and” and ÍD.ḫar-ru “a canal.”
62ú-ki-nam-ma “I provided a regular supply and”: Cf. CAD K p. 165, where it is translated “I directed (these waters toward ...).”
63a-tap-piš “through small canals”: Text no. 16 viii 23 has pat-ti-iš “through feeder canals.”
64a-na bit-re-e ma-a-me “to search for water”: The reading follows Jacobsen and Lloyd, OIP 24 p. 34 n. 15; and Heidel, Sumer 9 (1953) p. 173. Cf. King (CT 26 p. 29), Luckenbill (Senn. p. 114), the CAD (G p. 90 sub girru), and Bagg (Assyrische Wasserbauten pp. 190 and 345), who interpret ana bitrê māmē as a place name called Bīt-Rêmāme (a-na É-re-e-ma-a-me). mu-uṣ-ri KUR-e “Mount Muṣri”: This mountain is identified with Jebel Bašiqā. For example, see Forrer, Provinz. p. 35; and Jacobsen and Lloyd, OIP 24 pp. 35–36.
65J. Reade (RA 72 [1978] pp. 68–72; and RLA 9/5–6 p. 407 §11.7) has suggested that traces of one of the canal heads may be visible at Baʾzani, near Šibaniba, and that the project could have had its origins in canals dug by Sargon II for Dūr-Šarrukīn. Cf. the Bavian Inscription lines 8–10 (Luckenbill, Senn. p. 79), where Sennacherib reports that he dug eighteen canals, including the three from Dūr-Ištar, Šibaniba, and Sulu.
66Cf. text no. 16 viii 24–28. In that text Sennacherib claims to have supplied water to only 500 fields.
67A.MEŠ šu-nu-ti “those waters”: Text no. 16 viii 29–30 has A.MEŠ ša GIŠ.KIRI₆.MEŠ “water for (those) gardens.”
68qé-reb-šá as-ti-il “I planted in it”: Text no. 16 viii 31 has ⸢ú⸣-šá-as-ti-il “I had planted.”
Created by A. Kirk Grayson, Jamie Novotny, and the Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period (RINAP) Project, 2012. Lemmatized by Jamie Novotny, 2011. The annotated edition is released under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license 3.0. Please cite this page as http://oracc.org/rinap/Q003491/.