Esarhaddon 104
Obverse | ||
Column i | ||
i 1i 1 | (i 1) [Esarhaddon, gre]at [king], mighty [king], king of the world, (i 5) king of [Assyria], governor of [Bab]ylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, true shepherd, favorite of the lord of lords, pious prince, (i 10) beloved of the goddess Zarpanītu — the queen, the goddess of the entire universe — reverent king who from the days of his childhood (i 15) was attentive to their rule and praised their valor, pious slave, humble, submissive, the one who reveres their great divinity — | |
i 22 | ||
i 33 | ||
i 44 | ||
i 55 | ||
i 66 | ||
i 77 | ||
i 88 | ||
i 99 | ||
i 1010 | ||
i 1111 | ||
i 1212 | ||
i 1313 | ||
i 1414 | ||
i 1515 | ||
i 1616 | ||
i 1717 | ||
i 1818 | (i 18b) At that time, in the reign of a previous king, bad omens occurred (i 20) in Sumer and Akkad. The people living there were answering each other yes for no (and) were telling lies. (i 25) They led their gods away, neglected their goddesses, abandoned their rites, (and) embraced quite different (rites). They put their hands on the possessions of Esagil, the palace of the gods, (i 30) an inaccessible place, and they sold the silver, gold, (and) precious stones at market value to the land Elam. | |
i 1919 | ||
i 2020 | ||
i 2121 | ||
i 2222 | ||
i 2323 | ||
i 2424 | ||
i 2525 | ||
i 2626 | ||
i 2727 | ||
i 2828 | ||
i 2929 | ||
i 3030 | ||
i 3131 | ||
i 3232 | ||
i 3333 | ||
i 3434 | (i 34) The Enlil of [the go]ds, the god Marduk, became angry and plotted evilly to level the land (and) to destroy its people. The river Araḫtu, (normally) a river of abundance, turned into an angry wave, (i 40) a raging tide, a huge flood like the deluge. It swept (its) waters destructively across the city (and) its dwellings and turned (them) into ruins. The gods dwelling in it (i 45) flew up to the heavens like birds; the people living in it [were h]idden in another place and took refuge in (ii 1) an [unknown] land. The merciful god Marduk [w]rote that the calculated time of its abandonment (should last) 70 years, (but) his heart was quickly soothed, and he reversed the numbers and (thus) ordered its (re)occupation to be (after) 11 years. | |
i 3535 | ||
i 3636 | ||
i 3737 | ||
i 3838 | ||
i 3939 | ||
i 4040 | ||
i 4141 | ||
i 4242 | ||
i 4343 | ||
i 4444 | ||
i 4545 | ||
i 4646 | ||
i 4747 | ||
i 4848 | ||
Column ii | ||
ii 1ii 1 | ||
ii 22 | ||
ii 33 | ||
ii 44 | ||
ii 55 | ||
ii 66 | ||
ii 77 | ||
ii 88 | a-na 11 MU.AN.NA.MEŠ | |
ii 99 | (ii 9b) You truly selected me, Esarhaddon, in the assembly of my older brothers t[o] put these matters right, and (ii 15) you (are the one) who placed your sweet [pro]tection over me, swept away all of my enemies like a flood, killed all of my foes and made me attain my wish, (and), (ii 20) to appease the heart of your great divinity (and) to please your spirit, you entrus[ted] me with shepherding Assyria. | |
ii 1010 | ||
ii 1111 | ||
ii 1212 | ||
ii 1313 | ||
ii 1414 | ||
ii 1515 | ||
ii 1616 | ||
ii 1717 | ||
ii 1818 | ||
ii 1919 | ||
ii 2020 | ||
ii 2121 | ||
ii 2222 | ||
ii 2323 | (ii 23b) At the beginning of [my] kingship, in my first year, when I sat in greatness on (my) royal throne, [go]od signs [were] established for me; [in] heaven and on ear[th, he (the god Marduk) constantly sent me his] omen(s). (ii 30) The angry [gods] were recon[ciled] (and) they repeatedly discl[os]ed favorable signs concerning the (re)buil[di]ng of Bab[yl]on (and) the renovation of E[sag]il. | |
ii 2424 | ||
ii 2525 | ||
ii 2626 | ||
ii 2727 | ||
ii 2828 | ||
ii 2929 | ||
ii 3030 | ||
ii 3131 | ||
ii 3232 | ||
ii 3333 | ||
ii 3434 | (ii 34) Bright Jupiter, the giver of decisions on Akkad, came near in Simānu (III) and stood in the place where the sun shines. It was shining brightly (and) its appearance was red. It reached (its) hypsoma for a second time in the month “Opening of the Door” and stayed in its place. | |
ii 3535 | ||
ii 3636 | ||
ii 3737 | ||
ii 3838 | ||
ii 3939 | ||
ii 4040 | ||
ii 4141 | (ii 41b) He (the god Marduk) ordered me to complete the cult centers, to renovate the shrines, (and) to organize well the rites of Esagil, the palace of the gods. (ii 45) Every month, the gods Sîn and Šamaš together, at their appearance, answered me with a firm ‘yes’ concerning the avenging of Akkad. | |
ii 4242 | ||
ii 4343 | ||
ii 4444 | ||
ii 4545 | ||
ii 4646 | ||
ii 4747 | ||
ii 4848 | ||
ii 4949 | (ii 49b) By means of the great intelligence (and) va[st] understanding [that] the sage [of the gods], the prince, the god Nudimmu[d], gave to me, it occurred to me [to] (re)populate th[at] city, to re[novate] (iii 5) the shrines, (and) to make [the cult center shine, and] my heart [prom]pted (me) to perform that work. | |
Column iii | ||
iii 1iii 1 | ||
iii 22 | ||
iii 33 | ||
iii 44 | ||
iii 55 | ||
iii 66 | ||
iii 77 | (iii 7b) I was afraid (and) worried to preform that work (and) I knelt before the gods Šamaš, Adad, (and) Marduk, (iii 10) the great judge(s), the gods, my lords. In the divin[e]r’s bowl, trustwor[th]y oracles were established for me, and they had (their response) concerning the (re)building of (iii 15) Babylon (and) renovation of Esagil written on a liver. | |
iii 88 | ||
iii 99 | ||
iii 1010 | ||
iii 1111 | ||
iii 1212 | ||
iii 1313 | ||
iii 1414 | ||
iii 1515 | ||
iii 1616 | ||
iii 1717 | (iii 17) I trusted in their firm ‘yes’ and I mustered all of my craftsmen and the people of (iii 20) Karduniaš (Babylonia) to its full extent. I had them wield hoes and I imposed baskets (on them). I mixed (the mud for) [its re]vet[ment] with fine oil, honey, ghee, kurunnu-wine, muttinnu-wine, (and) pure mountain beer. [In order] to show [the people] his great [divinity and] to inspire awe (in) his lordship, I raised [a ba]sket (iii 30) onto [my] he[ad] and [carried] (it) myself. I [had its bricks made in brickmolds of musukkannu]-wood. I gather[ed together (iii 35) expert craftsmen (and) skilled master] builders, who lay ou[t plans], expo[sed the place where] Esagil [stands, and inspected] its structure. | |
iii 1818 | ||
iii 1919 | ||
iii 2020 | ||
iii 2121 | ||
iii 2222 | ||
iii 2323 | ||
iii 2424 | ||
iii 2525 | ||
iii 2626 | ||
iii 2727 | ||
iii 2828 | ||
iii 2929 | ||
iii 3030 | ||
iii 3131 | ||
iii 3232 | ||
iii 3333 | ||
iii 3434 | ||
iii 3535 | ||
iii 3636 | ||
iii 3737 | ||
iii 3838 | ||
iii 3939 | ||
iii 4040 | ||
iii 4141 | (iii 41b) [In] a favorable month, on a propitious day, I laid its foundation platform over its previous foundations (iii 45) (and) in (exact) accordance with its earlier plan I did not diminish (it) by one cubit nor increase (it) by half a cubit. I built (and) completed Esagil, the palace of the gods, an image of the apsû, a replica of Ešarra, a likeness of (iii 50) the abode of the god Ea, (and) a replica of Pegasus; I had (Esagil) ingeniously built (and) I laid out (iv 1) (its) square. For its roof, I stretched out magnificent cedar beams, grown on Mount Amanus, the pure mountain, (and) fastened bands of gold (and) silver on (iv 5) doors of cypress, whose fragrance is sweet, and installed (them) in its gates. | |
iii 4242 | ||
iii 4343 | ||
iii 4444 | ||
iii 4545 | ||
iii 4646 | ||
iii 4747 | ||
iii 4848 | ||
iii 4949 | ||
iii 5050 | ||
iii 5151 | ||
iii 5252 | ||
iii 5353 | ||
Column iv | ||
iv 1iv 1 | ||
iv 22 | ||
iv 33 | ||
iv 44 | ||
iv 55 | ||
iv 66 | ||
iv 77 | ||
iv 88 | ||
iv 99 | (iv 9) I repaired the woeful desecrated state of the gods and goddess who lived in it, who had been displaced by floods and storm, and whose appearances had become dim; I made their dimmed appearance bright, cleaned (iv 15) their dirty garments, (and) had them permanently installed on their daises. (As for) the šēdus, lamassus, (and) rābiṣu-demons of the temple, I repaired their dilapidated part(s), (and) [I (re)stationed] them ... wh[ere] their ... [are]. | |
iv 1010 | ||
iv 1111 | ||
iv 1212 | ||
iv 1313 | ||
iv 1414 | ||
iv 1515 | ||
iv 1616 | ||
iv 1717 | ||
iv 1818 | ||
iv 1919 | ||
iv 2020 | ||
iv 2121 | QU [(x)] x x x x | |
iv 2222 | ⸢a⸣-[šar?] x x-⸢ti-šú⸣-nu | |
iv 2323 | ||
iv 2424 | [...]-šu ú-še-x | (iv 24) (No translation possible) |
iv 2525 | [...] É.KUR x x | |
iv 2626 | [...] x x-ta-a | |
iv 2727 | [...] x x x | |
iv 2828 | [...] x x | |
iv 2929 | [...] x | |
Lacuna | ||
Column v | ||
v 1v 1 | 30.⸢ÀM⸣ áš-lu SAG ina GIŠ.as₄-[lum]7 | (v 1) With the large aslu-[cubit], I measured the dimensions of [Imgur-Enlil, its great wall] — each [length] (and) width was 30 ašlus. I had (it) built as it was before and (v 5) raised (its top) up like a mountain. I built (and) completed Nēmetti-Enlil, its outer wall, (and) filled (it) with splendor (making it) an object of wonder for all of the people. |
v 22 | ||
v 33 | ||
v 44 | ||
v 55 | ||
v 66 | ||
v 77 | ||
v 88 | ||
v 99 | ||
v 1010 | (v 10) I established anew the remission of debts of the wronged citizens of Babylon, people (entitled to) the privileged status (and) freedom (guaranteed by) the gods Anu and Enlil. I gathered the bought people who had become slaves (and) who had been distributed among the (foreign) riffraff and (v 20) counted (them once again) as Babylonians. I returned their looted possessions, provided the naked with clothing, (and) let them take the road to [Bab]ylon. (v 25) I encouraged them to (re)settle the city, build houses, plant orchards, (and) dig canals. | |
v 1111 | ||
v 1212 | ||
v 1313 | ||
v 1414 | ||
v 1515 | ||
v 1616 | ||
v 1717 | ||
v 1818 | ||
v 1919 | ||
v 2020 | ||
v 2121 | ||
v 2222 | ||
v 2323 | ||
v 2424 | ||
v 2525 | ||
v 2626 | ||
v 2727 | ||
v 2828 | ||
v 2929 | (v 29) I restored their interrupted privileged status that had fallen into disuse. I wrote anew the tablet of their exemptions. (v 35) [I] opened roads for them in all directions so that they [could establish an imp]ortant position by having [(commercial) relations] with all coun[tries]. | |
v 3030 | ||
v 3131 | ||
v 3232 | ||
v 3333 | ||
v 3434 | ||
v 3535 | ||
v 3636 | ||
v 3737 | ||
v 3838 | [tak]-bit-tu [...]10 | |
Lacuna | ||
Column vi | ||
vi 1vi 1 | (vi 1) Let [the seed of] my [priestly offi]ce endure (along) [wit]h [the foundations of Esagil and] Babylon; let (vi 5) (my) [kin]gship be sustaining to the people forev[er] like the pl[ant of] life so that I may shepherd (vi 10) [t]heir popula[ce] in truth and justice; (and) let me reach old age, at[ta]in extreme old age, (and) be sa[ted with] the prime [of li]fe [until far]-off [days]. Truly I am [the pr]ovider. | |
vi 22 | ||
vi 33 | ||
vi 44 | ||
vi 55 | ||
vi 66 | ||
vi 77 | ||
vi 88 | ||
vi 99 | ||
vi 1010 | ||
vi 1111 | ||
vi 1212 | ||
vi 1313 | ||
vi 1414 | ||
vi 1515 | ||
vi 1616 | (vi 16) [Let me enla]rge [my] fa[mily], [gath]er [my] rel[atives], (and) [ext]end [my progeny so that they br]anch out widely; (vi 20) [let him make] the foundations of the thro[ne of] my [priestly offi]ce [be] as secure a great mountain; let [my] reign endure as long as heaven [and ear]th; let me str[ide] beaming daily (vi 25) in joy, glad[ness], happine[ss], shining face, (and) happy mo[od]; (and) let a hap[py fate], (vi 30) a g[ood] fate, (one) for the lengthening of the days of [my reign], the protection of the thro[ne of my] priestly office, (and) the well-being of my offspring [be placed] in [their] (the gods’) mouths. | |
vi 1717 | ||
vi 1818 | ||
vi 1919 | ||
vi 2020 | ||
vi 2121 | ||
vi 2222 | ||
vi 2323 | ||
vi 2424 | ||
vi 2525 | ||
vi 2626 | ||
vi 2727 | ||
vi 2828 | ||
vi 2929 | ||
vi 3030 | ||
vi 3131 | ||
vi 3232 | ||
vi 3333 | ||
vi 3434 | (vi 34) May he allow [my hands] to grasp the righteo[us] scepter [that enlarges] the land (and) the [fierce] st[aff] that humbles the u[nsubmissive; may they cause] my weapons [to rise up] so that I may kill my [ene]mies; (and) [may he allow] me [to stand] over my enemies in victory (and) triumph. | |
vi 3535 | ||
vi 3636 | ||
vi 3737 | ||
vi 3838 | ||
vi 3939 | ||
vi 4040 | ||
vi 4141 | ||
vi 4242 | ||
vi 4343 | (vi 43) Let them a[ll]ow there to be [in] my [lan]d rains and floods, successful harvests, an abundance of grain, plenty, and [pros]perity, and let them sto[re] (it) in piles of gra[in]. | |
vi 4444 | ||
vi 4545 | ||
vi 4646 | ||
Column vii | ||
vii 1vii 1 | ||
vii 22 | ||
vii 33 | ||
vii 44 | (vii 4) I had foun[dation inscriptions] made of silver, gold, bronze, [lapis lazuli], alabaster, basa[lt], pendû-stone, elallu-stone, (and) white limestone, (as well as) inscribed objects of baked clay, and (then) I depicted on them hieroglyphs representing the writing of my name. I wrote on them the might of the great hero, the god Marduk, (and) the deeds (vii 15) that I had done, my pious work, (and) I placed (these inscriptions) in the foundations (and) left (them) [f]or far-off days. | |
vii 55 | ||
vii 66 | ||
vii 77 | ||
vii 88 | ||
vii 99 | ||
vii 1010 | ||
vii 1111 | ||
vii 1212 | ||
vii 1313 | ||
vii 1414 | ||
vii 1515 | ||
vii 1616 | ||
vii 1717 | ||
vii 1818 | ||
vii 1919 | (vii 19) In future days, in far-off days, may one of the kings, my descendants, whom the king of the gods, the god Marduk, names to rule the land and the people, read an inscription (vii 25) written in my name, and anoint (it) with oil, make an offering, (and) return (it) to its place. The god Marduk, king of the gods, will (then) hear his [pr]ayers. | |
vii 2020 | ||
vii 2121 | ||
vii 2222 | ||
vii 2323 | ||
vii 2424 | ||
vii 2525 | ||
vii 2626 | ||
vii 2727 | ||
vii 2828 | ||
vii 2929 | ||
vii 3030 | (vii 30) (As for) [the one who c]hanges (an inscription) written in my [name], defaces my [repr]esentations, annuls [the pri]vileged status of Babylon, (and) [bre]aks the covenant of the lord of lords, may (vii 35) the god Marduk, the Enlil of the gods, the lord of the lands, look with fury on him and order his destruction among all of the black-headed people. May he (the god Marduk) make his word bad in Ubšukkinnaku, (vii 40) the courtyard of the assembly of the gods, the place of council, (and) order that his life not last (even) a single day. | |
vii 3131 | ||
vii 3232 | ||
vii 3333 | ||
vii 3434 | ||
vii 3535 | ||
vii 3636 | ||
vii 3737 | ||
vii 3838 | ||
vii 3939 | ||
vii 4040 | ||
vii 4141 | ||
vii 4242 | ||
vii 4343 | ||
Date ex. 1 | Date ex. 1 | |
vii 4444 | (vii 44) Accession year of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria. | |
vii 4545 | ||
vii 4646 |
1In cuneiform, the number 70 (𒁹𒌋), which is composed of a vertical wedge and a Winkelhacken, becomes 11 (𒌋𒁹), which consists of a Winkelhacken plus a vertical wedge, by simply changing the order of the two wedges, making the first sign the last sign and the last sign the first sign. The numbers 1 and 60 are both written with a single vertical wedge, but their position within the number determines whether the wedge is read as 60 or 1; for example, when the vertical wedge precedes a Winkelhacken the sign is read as 60 (since higher numbers precede lower numbers), but this vertical wedge is read as 1 if it follows a Winkelhacken (once again since higher value numbers come before lower value numbers). Thus, when Marduk altered the calculated time of Babylon’s and Esagil’s abandonment on the “Tablet of Destiny,” he simply transposed the wedges, making the higher value (60) the lower value (1) and the lower value (10) the higher value (10); thus 70 (60 + 10) becomes 11 (10 + 1). The interpretation of eliš ana šapliš ušbalkitma presented here follows, for example, Thureau-Dangin (RA 32 [1935] pp. 100–101), Nougayrol (RA 40 [1945–46] p. 65), Borger (Asarh. p. 15), and Shaffer (RA 75 [1981] p. 188); these scholars translate eliš and šapliš as “am Anfang” and “am Schluss,” “au début” and “à la fin,” “en tête” and “en queue,” and “front” and “back” respectively. Compare Luckenbill (ARAB 2 p. 245 §650) and the CAD (E pp. 96–97 sub eliš and N/1 p. 19 sub nabalkutu), who suggest that Marduk turned the “Tablet of Destiny” upside down, making its top its bottom; note that the order of the signs comprising 70 (a vertical wedge followed by a Winkelhacken) remain unchanged and therefore still represent 70, but just upside down. Robson (Mathematics p. 149) points out that tablet K 2069, a unique sexagesimal reciprocal table on a base of 1 10, was drawn up in relation to this event. For further information on the deliberate metathesis of numerals, see Beaulieu, ASJ 17 (1995) pp. 4–6.
2According to S. De Meis (AfO 50 [2003–04] p. 347), Jupiter rose heliacally at Babylon on the twenty-eighth of Simānu (III) and at Nineveh on the twenty-ninth in 679 (=June 27 [Julian Calendar]).
3The month “Opening of the Door” is an Elamite month name and is the third month in the Elamite year. For further details and bibliography, see the note to the date of exs. 2 and 16 of text no. 1 (Nineveh A).
4Based on further examination of this passage in this text and text no. 105 (Babylon C; iv 26–27), esp. ex. 1 of that inscription (BM 78221 + BM 78222), it is likely that these two and a half lines should be read as [ina GIŠ.Ù.ŠUB.MEŠ] ⸢GIŠ⸣.[MES.MÁ.KAN.NA] ú-[šal-bi-na SIG₄] “I [had its bricks made in brickmolds of musukkannu]-wood.” The reading of these lines in the 2011 print version of RINAP 4 — [ina GIŠ.Ù.ŠUB.MEŠ ZÚ AM.SI GIŠ].⸢ESI⸣ [GIŠ.TÚG GIŠ.MES.MÁ.KAN.NA] ú-[šal-bi-na SIG₄-su] “I [had its bricks made in brickmolds of ivory], ebony, [boxwood, (and) musukkannu-wood] — was more or less based on text no. 106 (Babylon E) iii 29–36 and text no. 114 (Babylon D) iv 12–15.
5⸢e⸣-re-si-na “whose fragrance”: Ex. 1 probably writes this word as [ere₁₄]-si-na since there is not sufficient space to write the word as e-re-si-na; ere₁₄ = IR. This same spelling of erēssina appears in text no. 111 v 8´; compare text no. 105 (Babylon C) v 39, which has ere₁₄-es-si-na.
6For a discussion of these lines, with numerous collation notes, see Novotny, NABU 2015/3 pp. 127–128 no. 78.
7Based on text no. 105 (Babylon C) vi 33–34, the last two lines of col. iv can be safely restored as im-gur-dEN.LÍL BÀD-šú GAL-a 30.ÀM áš-lu UŠ.
8Unlike text nos. 105 (Babylon C; vii 5–11) and 107 (Babylon F; vi 7–14), this inscription does not include a passage stating that Esarhaddon had the plundered gods of Agade returned to their shrines; if it had been included, that episode would have begun in v 10. The absence of mention of this datable event provides a terminus ante quem for this text; at the very least, it indicates that this inscription was composed before text nos. 105 and 107.
9It is not known if the second part of this line is be restored as dAMAR.UTU “the god Marduk” (like text no. 105) or as da-li-iḫ-tu “disturbances” (like text no. 107). Compare text no. 105 (Babylon C) vii 42–viii 1 to text no. 107 (Babylon F) vii 17–27.
10These lines in the 2011 print edition have been deleted since MMA 86.11.342 + CBS 1526 joins BM 78247 (text no. 107; Babylon F). For a new edition of those lines, see text no. 107 vii 18–27.
11Based on collation and parallels in text no. 105 (Babylon C) viii 27 and text no. 107 (Babylon F) viii 14´–15´, this line should be read as [li]-⸢šar⸣-šid “[let him make] secure.” The 2011 print edition of RINAP 4 had li-ter-ra “let them (the foundations) become.”
12From context, na-ṣir must be an infinitive in the status constructus; the expected form would be naṣār, as noted already by Borger (Asarh. p. 7). This writing of the word is attested also, for example, in text nos. 58 (v 11; =Aššur B), 59 (ii 17; =Aššur B), 105 (viii 38; =Babylon C), 106 (v 13; =Babylon E), and 111 (vii 5´). For further details about the reading of the MUŠ sign in this context, see the note to text no. 58 (Aššur B) v 11.
13With regard to lumāšē, “hieroglyphs” or “astroglyphs,” see text no. 115.
14The noun simtu, here fem. pl., probably refers to the lumāše tamšil šiṭir šumīya (“hieroglyphs, representing the writing of my name”) in vii 10–11, which appear on the top and/or bottom of several of Esarhaddon’s Babylon prisms; see text no. 115 for further information and bibliography. This text, text no. 105 (Babylon C) x 17b–18, and text no. 106 (Babylon E) vi 43–44 mention in the curse section maledictions against musaḫḫû simātīya, “the one who defaces my representations,” which is the counterpart of the person who alters the king’s inscription written in cuneiform, the munakkir šiṭir šumīya.
15Several scholars have proposed that the accession year (šanat rēš šarrūti) date on Esarhaddon’s Babylon Inscriptions were deliberately falsified and used by the Assyrian king to exhibit his piety towards Marduk from his very first days as king. See, for example, Tadmor in Fales, ARIN p. 22; Cogan, History, Historiography and Interpretation p. 87; and Porter, Images, Power, and Politics p. 170. However, this need not be the case since the intentional dating of this group of texts to Esarhaddon’s accession year may reflect historical reality. Because Esarhaddon never took the hand of Marduk in an akītu-festival at Babylon, this Assyrian king could not begin counting his regnal years as ruler of Babylon since that city’s tutelary deity had not yet conferred the kingship of Babylon on him. If this is the case, then there is no reason to assume that this Assyrian king’s scribes deliberately falsified the dates of Esarhadon’s Babylon Inscriptions. For details, see Novotny, JCS 67 (2015) pp. 149–151 and 161.
Created by Erle Leichty, Jamie Novotny, and the Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period (RINAP) Project, 2011, 2015-16. Lemmatized by Jamie Novotny, 2010, and updated by him, 2015-16, for the Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), a corpus-building initiative funded by LMU Munich and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (through the establishment of the Alexander von Humboldt Chair for Ancient History of the Near and Middle East) and based at the Historisches Seminar - Abteilung Alte Geschichte of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. The annotated edition is released under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license 3.0. Please cite this page as http://oracc.org/rinap/Q003333/.