Inscriptions, Part 1 (nos. 104-115)

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Esarhaddon 104   Esarhaddon 105   Esarhaddon 106   Esarhaddon 107   Esarhaddon 108   Esarhaddon 109   Esarhaddon 110   Esarhaddon 111   Esarhaddon 112   Esarhaddon 113   Esarhaddon 114   Esarhaddon 115  

General Introduction (texts 104–126)

Esarhaddon's Babylon Inscriptions currently comprise twenty-one texts, twenty-two if one includes the hieroglyphic (or astroglyphic) inscription that was stamped or carved on several of the objects. This group of texts is known from: (1) clay prisms; (2) a clay cylinder; (3) clay tablets; (4) a polished basalt monument; (5) numerous bricks; and (6) a lapis lazuli cylinder seal. Some of these (primarily the bricks) were discovered during the German excavations at Babylon, while others (including prisms) were found in Assyria, at Aššur or Nineveh, or were bought from local antiquities dealers; some of the purchased objects now in the British Museum (London) are registered as coming from Hillah (ancient Sippar), despite the fact that a few of them may have been bought by E.A.W. Budge at Babylon.

With regard to the prisms -- which are inscribed with the best known and most discussed Babylon Inscriptions of this Assyrian king -- the southern, Babylonian ones are usually solid, whereas the northern, Assyrian ones are usually hollow. The number of inscribed surfaces on these versatile, multi-faceted clay objects varies from five to ten columns, depending on the length of the inscription that was intended to be written on them. In some cases, the height of a prism was also a factor in the number of inscribed surfaces needed to write out a given text; for example, some exemplars of text no. 106 (Babylon E) were inscribed on tall, six-sided prisms, while other copies of this inscription were written on short, octagonal prisms. Moreover, a variety of scripts was used to write out these Standard Babylonian compositions (with some Assyrianisms): archaizing Neo-Babylonian, contemporary Neo-Babylonian, and Neo-Assyrian.

Text nos. 104–111, 114, and 116–117 all have narrative accounts of the circumstances leading up to the destruction of Babylon and Esagil ("House Whose Top Is High") and Esarhaddon's subsequent rebuilding of that city and its temples. Copies of some of the inscriptions written on prisms -- text nos. 104 (Babylon A), 105 (Babylon C), 106 (Babylon E), 108 (Babylon G), and 111 -- are dated to Esarhaddon's accession year (MU.SAG.NAM.LUGAL.LA, šanat rēš šarrūti), which if taken at face value would refer to the last twenty-two (twelve or two) days of 681 BC, too short a period to have done any construction at Babylon. Based on events mentioned in at least two of these texts -- in particular, the return of the gods to Agade on the tenth of Addaru (XII) 674 BC, an event recorded in two Babylonian chronicles -- it is certain that some of the Babylon Inscriptions could not have been written on clay (and stone) objects before the very end of Esarhaddon's 7th regnal year as king of Assyria. Moreover, the scribe who prepared the prism bearing text no. 108 (Babylon G) added that he had that prism inscribed in the month Ayyāru (II), which at the earliest would have been the second month of Esarhaddon's first regnal year as king of Assyria (680 BC). For these reasons, as well as others, most scholars generally do not take the accession year date of these inscriptions literally. However, opinions are divided on how and why this Assyrian king used šanat rēš šarrūti to date some of his texts. H. Tadmor (in Fales, ARIN p. 22), M. Cogan (History, Historiography and Interpretation p. 87), and B.N. Porter (Images, Power, and Politics p. 170) suggest that the dates were deliberately falsified and used by Esarhaddon to exhibit his piety towards Marduk and to demonstrate that he had turned his attention towards restoring Babylon and Esagil as soon as he became king. J. Novotny (JCS 67 [2015] pp. 149–151 and 161), on the other hand, proposes that the intentional dating of this group of texts to Esarhaddon's accession year probably reflects historical reality since this Assyrian king never took the hand of Marduk in an akītu-festival at Babylon and, therefore, was not divinely sanctioned to date inscribed objects in Babylonia by his regnal years as ruler of Babylon. Despite the accession year dating, there is little doubt that Esarhaddon's Babylon Inscriptions were written on a variety of clay and stone objects for the entire duration of his twelve-year reign.

A provisional chronological sequence of some of the texts intended for Babylon can be established. Since these inscriptions contain few firm historical references, it is not yet possible to give exact dates of composition. As tentatively proposed by Novotny (JCS 67 p. 162), this sub-corpus of official texts may have been written in the following order: (1) text nos. 108 (Babylon G) and 109 (Babylon G) were composed in II-678 BC; (2) the tablets bearing text nos. 116 (Babylon B) and 117 (probably Babylon B) were inscribed ca. late 678 BC to 677 BC (or 676 BC); (3) text no. 111 was composed ca. 676 BC (or 675 BC) to early/mid-674 BC; (4) text no. 104 (Babylon A) was written ca. late 674 BC to early 673 BC; (5) the prisms inscribed with text nos. 105 (Babylon C) and 107 (Babylon F) were written out ca. mid-/late 673 BC to early 672 BC; (6) text no. 110 was composed ca. 676 BC (or 675 BC) to early 672 BC (although an earlier date seems more probable); (7) the stone monument bearing text no. 114 (Babylon D) was carved ca. late 673 BC to 672 BC; and (8) the prisms (and tablet) bearing text no. 106 (Babylon E) and the cylinder inscribed with text no. 113 were prepared ca. 672 BC to early 670 BC.

One damaged heptagonal clay prism and fragments from four other prisms contain an Akkadian inscription recording the rebuilding of Babylon and Esagil ("House Whose Top is High"), the temple of the god Marduk in Babylon, by Esarhaddon. This damaged text also describes the refurbishment of divine statues and gateway guardians, the renovation of Babylon's inner and outer walls Imgur-Enlil ("The God Enlil Showed Favor") and Nēmed-Enlil ("Bulwark of the God Enlil"), and the performing of good deeds on behalf of the beleaguered citizens of Babylon; this inscription presumably included a report of work on the ziqqurat Etemenanki ("House, Foundation of Heaven and Netherworld"), but that passage is no longer preserved. Although one exemplar (ex. 1) of this text is dated to Esarhaddon's accession year (šanat rēš šarrūti, MU.SAG.NAM.LUGAL.LA), which should refer to part of the last month of 681 BC, it is certain that this inscription was composed several years later, perhaps ca. late 674 BC to early 673 BC; see, for example, Frame, Babylonia p. 67 and Novotny, JCS 67 (2015) pp. 156–157. This text is commonly referred to as Babylon (Prism) A (Bab. A).

Access the composite text [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/Q003333] or the score (no link available) of Esarhaddon 104.

Sources [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/scores/Q003333/sources]

Bibliography

• Luckenbill 1927 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#luckenbill1927], pp. 244–249 §§647–659 (ex. 1, translation)
• Borger 1956 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#borger1956], pp. 10–29 §11 (Bab. A) (exs. 1–3, edition)
• Borger 1964 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#borger1964], pp. 143–148 (i 1–37, ii 2b–26a 29b–33, 41b–iii 11, 25–53, transliteration)
• Pomponio 1990 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#pomponio1990], p. 44 (vii 30–43, translation)
• Beaulieu 1995 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#beaulieu1995], p. 5 (ii 2b–9a, edition)
• Koch-Westenholz 1995 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#koch-westenholz1995], p. 156 (ii 34–41a, translation)
• Koch 1999 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#koch1999], p. 19 (ii 34–41, edition)
• Hallo 2000 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#hallo2000], p. 306 (ii 2b–9a, translation)
• Vera Chamaza 2002 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#verachamaza2002], pp. 317–318, 333–334, 400–404 and 471, nos. 76–77, 86, 145, 147 and 200 (i 18–ii 9a, 34–iii 18a, 35–52a, iv 1b–19, edition)
• Melville 2006 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#melville2006], pp. 354–355 (i 18b–v 33, translation)
• Robson 2008 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#robson2008], pp. 148–149 (ii 2b–9a, translation)
• Novotny 2010 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#novotny2010], p. 123 (ii 2–iii 8, vii 4–18, translation)

• Meissner and Rost 1898 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#meissnerandrost1898], pp. 329–333 (ex. 1, copy)
• Boissier 1933 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#boissier1933], pp. 73–75 (ex. 3, copy)
• Pinches 1963 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#pinches1963], pls. II–IV no. 3 (ex. 1, copy)
• Miglus 1994 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#miglus1994], pl. XVIIIc–d (ex. 1, photo)
• Finkel and Reade 1996 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#finkelandreade1996], figs. 2 and 21–22 (ex. 1, photo)
• Roaf and Zgoll 2001 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#roafandzgoll2001], fig. 2 (ex. 1, drawing)
• Giovino 2007 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#giovino2007], fig. 75 (ex. 1, photo, drawing)

• Boissier 1933 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#boissier1933], pp. 76–78 (ex. 3, study)
• Hirsch 1966 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#hirsch1966], p. 34 (ii 2b–9, study)
• Millard 1973 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#millard1973], p. 117 (ex. 4, variants)
• Brinkman 1983 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#brinkman1983], pp. 35–42 (exs. 1–4, study)
• Cogan 1983 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#cogan1983], pp. 76–87 (study)
• Cogan 1984 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#cogan1984], p. 75 (ex. 5, study)
• Leichty 1986 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#leichty1986], p. 299 (ex. 4, study)
• Leichty 1988 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#leichty1988], p. 144 (ex. 1, study)
• Powell 1987-1990 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#powell1989], p. 475 (study of v 1)
• Lambert 1992 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#lambert1992], pp. 73–75 (exs. 1, 4–5, study)
• Porter 1993 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#porter1993a], pp. 185–186 (study)
• Miglus 1994 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#miglus1994], pp. 179–191 (ex. 1, study)
• Beaulieu 1995 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#beaulieu1995], pp. 4–6 (ii 2b–9a, study)
• Koch-Westenholz 1995 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#koch-westenholz1995], pp. 156–157 (ii 34–41a, study)
• Finkel and Reade 1996 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#finkelandreade1996], pp. 244–261 (ex. 1, vii 10–12a, study)
• Pedersén 1997 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#pedersen1997], pp. 244–261 and figs. 2 and 21–22 (ex. 1, photo; vii 10–12a, study)
• Koch 1999 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#koch1999], pp. 19–31 (ii 34–41, study)
• Tadmor 1999 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#tadmor1999], p. 404 (ii 2b–9a, study)
• Hallo 2000 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#hallo2000], p. 306 (ii 2b–9a, study)
• Roaf and Zgoll 2001 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#roafandzgoll2001], pp. 264–295(ex. 1, vii 10–12a study)
• Streck 2002 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#streck2002], pp. 205–233 (study)
• De Meis 2003-2004 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#demeis2003-2004], pp. 346–347 (study)
• Talon 2005 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#talon2005], pp. 107–110 (study)
• Ephʿal 2007 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#ephal2007], p. 11 (study [in Hebrew])
• Giovino 2007 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#giovino2007], p. 171 (ex. 1, study)
• Robson 2008 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#robson2008], pp. 148–149 (ii 2b–9a, study)
• Novotny 2010 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#novotny2010], pp. 113, 123, 465–466 no. 5.24 (ii 2–iii 8, vii 4–18, study)
• Novotny 2015 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#novotny2015b], pp. 145-168, esp. 156-157 (study)
• Novotny 2015 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#novotny2015a], pp. 127–128 no. 78 (iv 18–23, study)

Two damaged decagonal clay prisms are inscribed with an Akkadian inscription commemorating Esarhaddon's renovation of Babylon's principal temple Esagil ("House Whose Top is High"), its ziqqurat Etemenanki ("House, Foundation of Heaven and Netherworld"), its inner wall Imgur-Enlil ("The God Enlil Showed Favor"), and its outer wall Nēmed-Enlil ("Bulwark of the God Enlil"). This text, which is the longest known inscription of this Assyrian king recording his deeds in Babylon, also narrates several other activities connected to the work on Marduk's temple, including the fabrication of metal cult objects, the reinstitution of various types of offerings, and the reappointment of key temple personnel; one passage alludes to construction on the temple of the god Nabû of the ḫarû, Eniggidrukalamasuma ("House Which Bestows the Scepter of the Land"). In addition, the return of the gods of Agade who had been taken as booty to Assyria and Elam is mentioned. This significant event -- which is recorded in two Babylonian chronicles as having taken place during the last month of Esarhaddon's 7th regnal year as king of Assyria (Addaru [XII] 674 BC) -- provides a terminus post quem for the inscription's date of composition. Although the best preserved of the two known exemplars (ex. 1) states that the text was written out during Esarhaddon's accession year (Addaru [XII] 681 BC), this inscription was actually inscribed on clay prisms no earlier than the last month of 674 BC, possibly ca. mid-/late 673 BC to early 672 BC; see, for example, Frame, Babylonia p. 67 and Novotny, JCS 67 (2015) pp. 157–158. This text is commonly referred to as Babylon (Prism) C (Bab. C).

Access the composite text [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/Q003334] or the score (no link available) of Esarhaddon 105.

Sources [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/scores/Q003334/sources]

Bibliography

• Meissner and Rost 1898 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#meissnerandrost1898], pp. 240–259 (ex. 1 [88–5–12,75 + 88–5–12,76], edition)
• Luckenbill 1927 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#luckenbill1927], pp. 249, 252–255 §§659A and D–E (ex. 1, translation)
• Borger 1956 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#borger1956], pp. 10–29 §11 (Bab. C) (exs. 1–2, edition)
• Borger 1964 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#borger1964], pp. 143–148 (i 1–41a, ii 16–iii 1, 4b–8, 19–iv 1, 29–v 8, transliteration)
• Vera Chamaza 2002 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#verachamaza2002], pp. 404–405, 415, 472 and 478–479, nos. 148–149, 156, 202 and 207 (v 15–38a, vi 3–32, vii 5–11, edition)
• Lenzi 2008 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#lenzi2008], pp. 132–133 (vi 3–27, edition)

• Meissner and Rost 1898 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#meissnerandrost1898], pp. 323–327 and 335–337 (ex. 1 [88–5–12,75 + 88–5–12,76], copy; ex. 2 copy)
• Pinches 1963 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#pinches1963], pls. IV–VII nos. 4–5 (exs. 1–2, copy)
• Curtis and Reade 1995 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#curtisandreade1995], p. 96 no. 38 (ex. 1, photo)

• Budge 1920 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#budge1920], p. 273 (ex. 1, study)
• Millard 1973 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#millard1973], pp. 117–118 (ex. 2, collations)
• Brinkman 1983 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#brinkman1983], pp. 35–42 (exs. 1–2, study)
• Leichty 1988 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#leichty1988], p. 144 (exs. 1–2, study)
• Lambert 1992 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#lambert1992], p. 75 (exs. 1–2, study)
• Porter 1993 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#porter1993a], p. 186 (study)
• Curtis and Reade 1995 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#curtisandreade1995], p. 96 no. 38 (ex. 1, study)
• De Meis 2003-2004 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#demeis2003-2004], pp. 346–347 (iii 10–18, study)
• Novotny 2015 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#novotny2015b], pp. 145-168, esp. 157-158 (study)
• Novotny 2015 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#novotny2015a], pp. 127–128 no. 78 (v 47–vi 4, study)

An Akkadian inscription of Esarhaddon recording some of this king's many pious deeds in Babylon is known from four fragmentarily preserved six- and eight-sided clay prisms, as well as from a small piece of a multi-column clay tablet; all five exemplars are presumed to have come from Babylon (see the commentary below). Contrary to its accession year dating (šanat rēš šarrūti, MU.SAG.NAM.LUGAL.LA), which was included on two of the exemplars (exs. 1–2), this text was composed late in Esarhaddon's twelve-year reign (ca. 672 BC to early 670 BC); see, for example, Frame, Babylonia p. 67 and Novotny, JCS 67 (2015) p. 160. With regard to its contents, the scribes responsible for composing the inscription more or less completely reworked the contents of earlier inscriptions intended for Babylon and Marduk's temple (Esagil, "House Whose Top is High") in that city. Very little of the wording of text nos. 104 (Babylon A), 105 (Babylon C), and 114 (Babylon D) made it into this inscription, which is commonly referred to as Babylon (Prism) E (Bab. E).

Access the composite text [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/Q003335] or the score (no link available) of Esarhaddon 106.

Sources [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/scores/Q003335/sources]

Bibliography

• Rogers 1891 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#rogers1891], pp. 57–67 (exs. 1–2, edition)
• Meissner and Rost 1898 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#meissnerandrost1898], pp. 222–229 and 273–274 (exs. 1–2, 5, edition)
• Luckenbill 1927 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#luckenbill1927], pp. 255–256 §§660–665 (exs. 1–2, 5, translation)
• Borger 1956 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#borger1956], pp. 10–29 §11 (Bab. E) (exs. 1–2, 5, edition)
• Nougayrol 1957-1958 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#nougayrol1957-1958], pp. 314–318 (ex. 2, edition)
• Borger 1964 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#borger1964], pp. 143–148 (exs. 1–2, 5, transliteration of iii 54–iv 48, v 9–52)
• Tsukimoto 1990 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#tsukimoto1990], pp. 63–69 (exs. 1–5, score transliteration)
• Vera Chamaza 2002 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#verachamaza2002], p. 415 no. 158 (iii 38–53, edition)
• Leichty and Spar 2014 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#leichtyandspar2014], pp. 263-265 no. 160 (ex. 2, edition)
• Novotny 2017 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#novotny2017], pp. 455-460 and 465-470 (edition, transliterations of the individual exemplars)

• Rogers 1891 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#rogers1891], pls. 1–6 (exs. 1–2, copy)
• Meissner and Rost 1898 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#meissnerandrost1898], pp. 339–343 and 347–349 (exs. 1–2, 5, copy)
• Nougayrol 1957-1958 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#nougayrol1957-1958], pls. XXI–XXII (ex. 2, copy)
• Pinches 1963 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#pinches1963], pls. VIII–IX nos. 6–8 (exs. 1–2, 5, copy)
• Walker 1972 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#walker1972], no. 78 (ex. 4, copy)
• Millard 1973 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#millard1973], pl. XIII (ex. 3, copy)
• Tsukimoto 1990 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#tsukimoto1990], p. 64 (ex. 1 [Hirayama fragment], copy)
• Leichty and Spar 2014 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#leichtyandspar2014], pl. 126 (ex. 2, copy)

• Millard 1973 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#millard1973], p. 118 (ex. 3, collations)
• Brinkman 1983 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#brinkman1983], pp. 35–42 (exs. 1–5, study)
• Leichty 1988 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#leichty1988], pp. 144–145 (exs. 1–2, 5, study)
• Lambert 1992 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#lambert1992], pp. 74–75 (exs. 1–3, 5, study)
• Porter 1993 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#porter1993a], pp. 186–187 (exs. 1–5, study)
• Koch-Westenholz 1995 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#koch-westenholz1995], p. 158 (study)
• Novotny 2015 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#novotny2015b], pp. 145-168, esp. 160 (study)
• Novotny 2017 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#novotny2017], pp. 443-472 (study)

Three fragments belonging to the same ten-sided clay prism preserve part of an Akkadian inscription of Esarhaddon that records some of this Assyrian king's building activities in Babylon, presumably his rebuilding of Marduk's temple Esagil ("House Whose Top is High") and its ziqqurat Etemenanki ("House, Foundation of Heaven and Netherworld"), as well as Babylon's inner and outer walls Imgur-Enlil ("The God Enlil Showed Favor") and Nēmed-Enlil ("Bulwark of the God Enlil"). As far as it is preserved, this inscription is a near duplicate of text no. 105 (Babylon C). Since the return of the plundered gods of Agade is specifically mentioned, this inscription could not have been composed earlier than the last month of 674 BC, possibly being inscribed on prism(s) ca. mid-/late 673 BC to early 672 BC; see, for example, Frame, Babylonia p. 67 and Novotny, JCS 67 (2015) pp. 157–158. It is not known, however, if this inscription is earlier or later in date than text no. 105. This text is commonly referred to as Babylon (Prism) AC (Bab. AC) and (Prism) F (Bab. F).

Access the composite text [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/Q003336] of Esarhaddon 107.

Source

Bibliography

• Borger 1956 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#borger1956], pp. 11 and 24–26 §11 (Bab. AC, F) (edition)
• Leichty and Spar 2014 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#leichtyandspar2014], pp. 265-270 no. 161 (edition)
• Novotny 2015 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#novotny2015b], pp. 145-168, esp. 164-168 (edition)

• Meissner and Rost 1898 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#meissnerandrost1898], p. 345 (copy)
• Legrain 1922 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#legrain1922], pl. IV no. 10 (copy)
• Pinches 1963 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#pinches1963], pl. IX no. 9 (copy)
• Leichty and Spar 2014 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#leichtyandspar2014], pl. 127 (copy)

• Leichty 1988 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#leichty1988], p. 145 (study)
• Lambert 1992 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#lambert1992], p. 75 (study)
• Porter 1993 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#porter1993a], p. 187 (study)

An Akkadian inscription of Esarhaddon known from several fragments of a damaged pentagonal prism (this text and text no. 109) discovered at Nineveh describes the Assyrian king's efforts to begin restoring Babylon, its temples, and shrines after they had been destroyed and abandoned in late 689 BC, when the city fell to Sennacherib's armies after a protracted siege. Unlike the texts composed later in Esarhaddon's reign (in particular, text nos. 104–107 and 114), this inscription records the earliest stages of the work at Babylon, including the clearing of the debris left in the wake of destructive flooding of the Araḫtu River, whose course the Assyrian army diverted in order to lay waste to the city. One of the fragments bearing this inscription is dated to Esarhaddon's accession year (šanat rēš šarrūti, MU.SAG.NAM.LUGAL.LA). In Assyria, this is the last month of 681 BC but, in Babylonia, this could refer to any time during his twelve years as king of Assyria (between Addaru [XII] 681 BC and Araḫsamna [VIII] 669 BC) since Esarhaddon was never officially crowned as the king of Babylon; see the general introduction to 104–126 and Novotny, JCS 67 (2015) pp. 149–151 and 161. Based on internal textual information -- in particular, the mention of the month Ayyāru (II) in the date formula, an eleven-year period of abandonment for Babylon, and certain astronomical observations for the Plant Jupiter that took place in the month Simānu (III) -- this inscription could not have been written on clay prisms earlier than the second month of 678 BC (Esarhaddon's 3rd regnal year); see Novotny, JCS 67 pp. 152–154. This text is commonly referred to as Babylon G (Bab. G) and is edited with the Babylon Inscriptions, rather than with texts from Nineveh, since it duplicates texts (reportedly) from that city and since it records some of this king's activities at Babylon.

Access the composite text [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/Q003337] of Esarhaddon 108.

Source

Bibliography

• Luckenbill 1927 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#luckenbill1927], pp. 263–264 §§678–684 (translation)
• Borger 1956 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#borger1956], pp. 11–14, 16, 19, 27 and 29 §11 (Bab. G) (edition)
• Vera Chamaza 2002 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#verachamaza2002], pp. 334–336 no. 87 (i 1′–iii 13′, edition)
• Novotny 2015 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#novotny2015b], pp. 145-168, esp. 152-154 and 162-164 (edition)

• King 1914 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#king1914b], pp. 7–8 no. 38 (i 7a′–15′, ii 4′–17′, iii 3′–13′, iv 8′–20′, v 7′–10′, copy)
• King 1914 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#king1914a], pls. 1–2 (copy)

• King 1914 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#king1914b], pp. 7–8 no. 38 (i 7a′–15′, ii 4′–17′, iii 3′–13′, iv 8′–20′, v 7′–10′, study)
• Brinkman 1983 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#brinkman1983], pp. 35–42 (study)
• Porter 1993 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#porter1993a], p. 187 (study)

The two joined fragments comprising this text probably belong to the same hollow pentagonal prism that is inscribed with text no. 108; all three pieces were discovered at Nineveh and are written in Neo-Assyrian script. For further details on this text, which is also commonly referred to as Babylon G (Bab. G), see the introduction and commentary of the previous inscription (text no. 108).

Access the composite text [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/Q003338] of Esarhaddon 109.

Source

Bibliography

• Millard 1973 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#millard1973], pp. 118–119 (i 13′–19′, edition)
• Novotny 2015 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#novotny2015b], pp. 145-168, esp. 152-154 and 162-164 (edition)

• Millard 1973 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#millard1973], pl. XIV (copy)

• Lambert and Millard 1968 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#lambertandmillard1968], pp. 13 and 33 (study)
• Brinkman 1983 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#brinkman1983], pp. 35–42 (study)

A small fragment of a hexagonal prism contains an inscription commemorating some of Esarhaddon's pious deeds at Babylon, especially his rebuilding of the temple Esagil ("House Whose Top is High") and the ziqqurat Etemenanki ("House, Foundation of Heaven and Netherworld"), as well as the reappointment of key temple personnel. Although its provenance is not known, this text is edited with the Babylon Inscriptions since it duplicates (with some variation) inscriptions (reportedly) from that city, in particular, text nos. 104 (Babylon A), 105 (Babylon C), and 107 (Babylon F). Its contents are not sufficiently preserved to be able to accurately assess its date of composition; J. Novotny (JCS 67 [2015] p. 158) has tentative suggested that this inscription was composed ca. 676 BC (or 675 BC) to early 672 BC, although an earlier date in this range seems more likely since this text and text no. 116 (Babylon B), one of the earliest known Babylon Inscriptions, both appear to have a short list of materials upon which Esarhaddon claims to have written his inscriptions.

Access the composite text [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/Q003339] of Esarhaddon 110.

Source

Bibliography

• Leichty and Spar 2014 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#leichtyandspar2014], pp. 257-260 no. 158 (edition)

• Leichty and Spar 2014 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#leichtyandspar2014], pl. 121 (copy)

• Novotny 2015 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#novotny2015b], pp. 145-168, esp. 158 (study)

An Akkadian text written on a fragment of an octagonal prism describes construction undertaken by Esarhaddon at Babylon, in particular, the rebuilding of the temple of the god Marduk, Esagil ("House Whose Top is High"); its contents more or less duplicate those text no. 104 (Babylon A). Because the clay object bearing this inscription was intended for Babylon, and presumably written by a scribe living in Babylonia, the prism is unsurprisingly dated to this ruler's accession year (šanat rēš šarrūti, MU.SAG.NAM.LUGAL.LA), which, in Babylon, could refer to any time during Esarhaddon's twelve years as king of Assyria (between XII-681 BC and VIII-669 BC); in Assyria, it refers to the last twenty-two (twelve or two) days of 681 BC (see Novotny, JCS 67 [2015] pp. 149–151 and 161). Based on internal textual evidence -- shorter descriptions of events that took place in a previous reign, the construction of Esagil, the repair of divine statues, and the reinstatement of Babylon's privileged status -- this inscription may have been composed earlier than text no. 104 (Babylon A), possibly ca. 676 BC (or 675 BC) to early/mid-674 BC.

Access the composite text [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/Q003340] of Esarhaddon 111.

Source

Bibliography

• Leichty and Spar 2014 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#leichtyandspar2014], pp. 260-263 no. 159 (edition)

• Finkel and Reade 1996 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#finkelandreade1996], fig. 24 (photo)
• Leichty and Spar 2014 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#leichtyandspar2014], pls. 122-125, and photo pl. 7 (copy, photo)

• Finkel and Reade 1996 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#finkelandreade1996], pp. 254–256 (study)
• Roaf and Zgoll 2001 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#roafandzgoll2001], pp. 264–265 (study)
• Novotny 2015 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#novotny2015b], pp. 145-168, esp. 155-156 (study)
• Novotny 2015 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#novotny2015a], pp. 127–128 no. 78 (v 11'–14', study)

An inscription on a fragment of a five-sided prism from Sippar recounts Esarhaddon's deeds. The script is contemporary Babylonian and horizontal rulings separate each line. Based on the king's titulary, it is certain that the text dates to after 671 BC. This text is edited with the Babylon inscriptions since it duplicates texts (reportedly) from that city and since it concerns the rebuilding of Esagil and Babylon.

Access the composite text [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/Q003341] of Esarhaddon 112.

Source

Bibliography

• Gerardi 1993 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#gerardi1993], 122–127 no. 1 (edition)

• Gerardi 1993 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#gerardi1993], pp. 119–120 (copy)

• Leichty 1986 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#leichty1986], p. 211 (study)
• Lambert 1992 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#lambert1992], p. 74 (study)

An inscription of Esarhaddon on a solid cylinder from Babylon describes the rebuilding of Eniggidrukalamasuma, the temple of the god Nabû of the ḫarû in Babylon. The text, which is written in contemporary Babylonian script and with each line separated by a horizontal ruling, dates to after Ayyāru (II) 672 BC since Ashurbanipal and Šamaš-šuma-ukīn are mentioned as heir designates of Assyria and Babylon.

Access the composite text [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/Q003342] of Esarhaddon 113.

Source

Bibliography

• al-Mutawalli 1999 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#almutawalli1999], pp. 191–193 (edition)
• Novotny 2010 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#novotny2010], p. 117 (24–26, translation)

• al-Mutawalli 1999 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#almutawalli1999], p. 194 (photo)

• Novotny 2015 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#novotny2015b], pp. 145-168, esp. 161 (study)

A unique, polished black basalt cuboid monument purchased by the fourth Earl of Aberdeen sometime around the 1820s is inscribed with a text that duplicates (with variation) some of the contents of text nos. 104 (Babylon A) and 105 (Babylon C), including passages recording the destruction of Babylon by the Araḫtu River, the changing of the period of the city's abandonment from seventy to eleven years, the observation of favorable omens and their confirmation through extispicy, and the rebuilding of Esagil ("House Whose Top is High"). Although the object is not dated, it is likely that the inscription written on this monument was composed ca. late 673 BC to 672 BC (or later) since: (1) the prologue mentions the god Nabû, a deity whose temple at Babylon Esarhaddon was being rebuilt between 672 BC and 669 BC (see text no. 113); (2) the text's short building report seems to indicate that construction on Marduk's temple was either in an advanced stage of completion or nearing completion; and (3) certain passages (especially the prologue and the building report) have much in common with text no. 106 (Babylon E), another inscription composed late in this ruler's reign and one of the latest Babylon Inscriptions. For further details, see Novotny, JCS 67 (2015) pp. 159–160. This monument is known as Lord Aberdeen's Black Stone and its text is commonly referred to as Babylon D (Bab. D).

Access the composite text [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/Q003343] of Esarhaddon 114.

Source

Bibliography

• Winckler 1890 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#winckler1890], pp. 120–125 (edition)
• Meissner and Rost 1898 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#meissnerandrost1898], pp. 218–223 (edition)
• Luckenbill 1927 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#luckenbill1927], pp. 242–244 §§640–646 (i 13–16, ii 1–5a, 23, iii 15–19a, translation)
• Borger 1956 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#borger1956], pp. 10–16, 19–21 and 23–26 §11 (Bab. D) (edition)
• Vera Chamaza 2002 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#verachamaza2002], pp. 317–318 and 336–338, nos. 76, 78 and 88 (i 7–ii 18, edition)

• Rawlinson and Norris 1861 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#rawlinson-norris1861], pls. 49–50 (copy)
• Luckenbill 1924-1925 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#luckenbill1924-1925b], p. 171 (photo)
• Roaf 1990 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#roaf1990], p. 189 (photo)
• Miglus 1994 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#miglus1994], pl. XVIIIa–b (photo)
• Finkel and Reade 1996 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#finkelandreade1996], figs. 19–20 (photo)
• Roaf and Zgoll 2001 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#roafandzgoll2001], fig. 1 (drawing)
• Porter 2003 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#porter2003], pl. 10 (photo)
• Giovino 2007 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#giovino2007], fig. 3 (photo)
• André-Salvini and Brinkman 2008 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#andresalviniandbrinkman2008], p. 138 (photo)
• Maul 2008 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#maul2008], figs. 152a–b (photo)

• Luckenbill 1924-1925 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#luckenbill1924-1925b], pp. 165–173 (study)
• Luckenbill 1927 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#luckenbill1927], pp. 242–244 §§640–646 (ii 11–18, study)
• Porter 1993 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#porter1993a], p. 186 (study)
• Porter 1993 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#porter1993b], pp. 194–197 (study)
• Miglus 1994 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#miglus1994], pp. 179–191 (study)
• Finkel and Reade 1996 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#finkelandreade1996], pp. 254–261 (study)
• Scurlock 1997 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#scurlock1997], pp. 85–86 no. 92 (study)
• Roaf and Zgoll 2001 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#roafandzgoll2001], pp. 264–295 (study)
• Porter 2003 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#porter2003], pp. 39–46 (study)
• Reade 2005 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#reade2005], p. 118 (study)
• Giovino 2007 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#giovino2007], pp. 9 n. 12, 23, 25, 27–29, 88, 114, 128 (study)
• André-Salvini and Brinkman 2008 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#andresalviniandbrinkman2008], p. 138 (study)
• Maul 2008 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#maul2008], p. 232 (study)
• Novotny 2015 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#novotny2015b], pp. 145-168, esp. 159-160 (study)

In text no. 104 vii 10–12, the phrase lumāšē tamšīl šiṭir šumīya ēsiq, "I depicted lumāšē, representing the writing of my name, on them" occurs. This undoubtedly refers to symbols that have been interpreted as a cryptographic royal inscription of Esarhaddon and that are found upon three clay prisms and one stone monument, all probably from Babylon. These symbols have been referred to as Assyrian hieroglyphs or astroglyphs, which may have been inspired by Assyrian encounters with Egyptian hieroglyphs. The texts that are found on the objects with the Assyrian hieroglyphic inscriptions are: text no. 104 ex. 1 (Babylon A), text no. 107 (Babylon F), text no. 111, and text no. 114 (Babylon D = Lord Aberdeen's Black Stone). Inscriptions of this kind have so far only been identified for the kings Sargon II and Esarhaddon, and the cryptography did not follow Egyptian hieroglyphic writing directly but rather appears to have been inspired by the latter's pictographic character. Although it is likely that these symbols represent Esarhaddon's name and royal title(s), the matter of how to read the hieroglyphs, both individually and as a group, is still not settled.

While the interpretations offered below are extremely ingenious, I find them to be clever but dubious, as several of the readings are rather forced. I am, however, not able to offer a better solution. My misgivings are as follows:

1) The name. Esarhaddon had at least three names, Aššur-aḫu-iddin, Aššur-etel-ilānī-mukīn-apli, and an Aramaic name that we do not know. While his throne name Aššur-aḫu-iddin is the most likely one to be on these monuments, it is not certain that this is the case.

2) The language. We should probably expect the language to be Akkadian, but four instances on three exemplars are written counterclockwise. Aramaic is written right to left and hieroglyphic Egyptian is normally written from right to left but may be written in any direction. I do not know if this is meaningful.

3) Are the Assyrian hieroglyphs read syllabically or logographically? Akkadian could allow either or both.

4) All the solutions find themselves with too many hieroglyphs for the name alone and try to solve the problem by adding a pronoun or title after the name. This is where serious guesswork enters, and while I would not rule out any of these solutions, I remain unconvinced at this time.

The presentation which follows does not pretend to indicate the interpretations of the individual signs in a fully satisfactory manner and the reader must consult the original publications to understand the views and interpretations of the respective scholars.

Access the composite text [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/Q003344] of Esarhaddon 115.

Sources [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/sources/P453468,P345512,P345518,P453467]

Bibliography

• Luckenbill 1924-1925 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#luckenbill1924-1925b], p. 171 (exs. 1–2, photo)
• Pinches 1963 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#pinches1963], pl. IV no. 3 (ex. 2, drawing)
• Roaf 1990 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#roaf1990], p. 189 (ex. 1, photo)
• Herbordt 1992 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#herbordt1992], pl. 20 no. 11 (exs. 2–3, drawing)
• Finkel and Reade 1996 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#finkelandreade1996], figs. 1–24 (exs. 1–4, photo, drawing)
• Giovino 2007 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#giovino2007], figs. 3 and 75 (exs. 1–2, photo; ex. 2, drawing)
• Roaf and Zgoll 2001 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#roafandzgoll2001], p. 265 (exs. 1–2, drawing)
• Porter 2003 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#porter2003], pl. 10 (ex. 1, photo)
• André-Salvini and Brinkman 2008 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#andresalviniandbrinkman2008], p. 138 (ex. 1, photo)
• Maul 2008 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#maul2008], p. 232 and figs. 152a–b (ex. 1, photo)
• Niederreiter 2008 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#niederreiter2008], p. 81 nos. I.d.9–12 (exs. 1–4, drawing)
• Nadali 2008 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#nadali2008], figs. 10a–b (ex. 1, photo, drawing)

• Luckenbill 1924-1925 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#luckenbill1924-1925b], pp. 165–173 (exs. 1–2, study)
• Smith 1925 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#smith1925], p. 57 (ex. 1, study)
• Weidner 1941 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#weidner1941], pp. 48–49 (ex. 1, study)
• Gadd 1948 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#gadd1948], pp. 93–95 (ex. 1, study)
• Borger 1956 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#borger1956], p. 28 (exs. 1–3, study)
• Reade 1979 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#reade1979], pp. 45–46 (exs. 1–3, study)
• Herbordt 1992 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#herbordt1992], p. 145 (exs. 2–3, study)
• Porter 1993 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#porter1993a], pp. 185–187 (exs. 1–3, study)
• Porter 1993 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#porter1993b], pp. 194–197 (study)
• Miglus 1994 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#miglus1994], pp. 179–191 (study)
• Reade 1995 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#reade1995], pp. 234–235 (study)
• Finkel and Reade 1996 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#finkelandreade1996], pp. 244–268 (exs. 1–4, study)
• Scurlock 1997 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/bibliography/index.html#scurlock1997], pp. 85–86 no. 92 (study)
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Jamie Novotny & Erle Leichty

Jamie Novotny & Erle Leichty, 'Inscriptions, Part 1 (nos. 104-115)', RIBo, Babylon 6: The Inscriptions of the Period of the Uncertain Dynasties, The RIBo Project, a sub-project of MOCCI, 2018 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/periodofassyriandomination/esarhaddon/inscriptionspart1/]